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ÑData processing;Forests;forest;forestry;entomology;Renewable Resources;Timber supply;Management;Conservation;Models;Ecology;Mountain Pine Beetle;Quesnel TSA;Forest Health;Model;pine beetle;MPB;infestation;pineYThe large discrepancy between the 76% estimated volume of mountain pine beetle killed pine in the Quesnel TSA by 2005 and the 42% estimated in the pilot study by Bater et al. may be the result of several factors, including: a the broad-scale forest health data. b uncertainties in the timber supply model used. c photo-level mean differences. 7.¯Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: bc6e2db3-6357-4ff5-8314csamfg201; AccNum: 12944404; ISSN: 0022-1201; Peer Reviewed: trueNSociety of American Foresters, 5400 Grosvenor Lane Bethesda Maryland 20814 USA0022-1201, 0022-1201746156990; 12944404English<http://search.proquest.com/docview/746156990?accountid=14601/Environmental Sciences and Pollution ManagementProQuestConference ProceedingsLSulphur management strategies in anaerobic treatment of a BCTMP/TMP effluent9Water pollution research journal of Canada. Burlington ONBIndustrial water systems;sewage treatment;wastewater treatment;pulp mills;sulfur;pulp waste;wastewater treatment processe;anaerobic process;inhibition;anaerobic digestion;hydrogen sulfide;anaerobic conditions;sulfur bacteria;water resources;pollution;microbiology;sludge;Quesnel River Pulp Co;anaerobic treatment;bctmp;tmpAnaerobic treatment of a bleached chemithermomechanical/thermomechanical BCTMP/TMP (2:1 by volume) effluent obtained from Quesnel River Pulp Co. was studied on a laboratory scale at 35 degree C. The experimental apparatus consisted of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) acidogenic reactors followed by hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed/fixed-film methanogenic reactors. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphite and sulphate are reduced to sulphide, presenting problems of toxicity, odour, corrosion and reduced methane yields, and treatment efficiencies. The fate of these compounds was examined under various hydraulic retention times and sulphur management strategies, including: pH control; inhibition of the sulphur reducing bacteria via molybdenum addition; and stripping hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the reactor liquor by recycling hydrogen sulphide-free off gas. Controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactor from 5.5 (uncontrolled) to 8.0, in order to shift the formed sulphide species to the less toxic ionic form, appeared to be ineffective in promoting wastewater treatment efficiency. Molybdenum addition to the wastewater, tested at levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mM, was effective at 1.0 mM in retarding sulphide formation. Hydrogen sulphide stripping, using scrubbed and recycled off gas, appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management for this type of wastewater under these conditions.ªSource type: conferencepapers&proceedings; Object type: Conference; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004224103; AccNum: 3558560; ISSN: 0197-914016824155; 3558560;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16824155?accountid=14601 Albers,Sam J.;Petticrew,Ellen L.qEcosystem response to a salmon disturbance regime: Implications for downstream nutrient fluxes in aquatic systemsLimnology & Oceanographysalmon;reproduction;spawning;benthic ecology;rivers;streams;sediment;sediments;sockeye;Oncorhynchus nerka;composite particles;benthic biofilm;flocs;flocculation;nest construction;productivity;food web;marine driven sediments;MDN;Horsefly River;settling velocity Recent work in salmon spawning streams has shown that sediment resuspended during nest construction flocculates with salmon organic matter to form suspended composite particles characterized by increased size and settling velocities. In a river system, these flocs have the potential to interact with benthic biofilms, suggesting a mechanism for the incorporation of organic matter into aquatic food webs. Using the Horsefly River spawning channel in central British Columbia, the spatial scale of biofilm floc trapping was evaluated for a salmon disturbance regime, which consists of the active digging of redds, spawning, and carcass decay. We stocked two sequential enclosures in the spawning channel with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and established one upstream control enclosure. Biofilms were sampled for chlorophyll a, trapped sediment, and marine isotope tracers (δ15N and δ13C). In the active-spawn period, biofilm abundance was reduced due to spawning disturbance, with isotope values indicating low utilization of marine-derived nutrients (MDNs). During the post-spawn period, downstream biofilm abundance exceeded pre-spawn values, indicating a near-field nutrient pulse with isotope values reflecting biofilm utilization of MDNs. At the same time, an increase in biofilm trapping efficiency occurred in concert with a significant increase in the in situ particle size of suspended sediment, suggesting that flocs were a temporary storage site of MDNs. The retention of MDNs over short spatial scales acts to retard the flushing of MDNs to downstream rearing lakes. The magnitude of these processes has ecological implications on the downstream lake's productivity, thereby influencing the success of future salmon stocks. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Limnology & Oceanography is the property of Association for the Sciences of Limnology & Oceanography and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) M3: Article`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=72082848&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.4319/lo.2012.57.1.0113EBSCOcAndrews,Graham D. M.;Plouffe,Alain;Ferbey,Travis;Russell,James K.;Brown,Sarah R.;Anderson,Robert G.¼The thickness of Neogene and Quaternary cover across the central Interior Plateau, British Columbia: analysis of water-well drill records and implications for mineral exploration potential"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences¹water-well;water-well records;water-wells;well;wells;depth-to-bedrock;bedrock;map;central interior Plateau;100 Mile House;Prince George;Quesnel;Vanderhoof;Williams Lake;mineralogy;hydrocarbon;mineral;minerals;hydrocarbons;exploration;resources;geology;neogene;quaternary;lithology;lithologies;pre-wisconsinan;thick drift;paleovalleys;basalt;Chilcotin Group;peneplain;paleotopography;geochemical;geochemistry;geological;geophysics;geophysical¼Analysis of over 10 000 water-well records has been used to produce new depth-to-bedrock maps for areas around five cities on the central Interior Plateau of central British Columbia: 100 Mile House, Prince George, Quesnel, Vanderhoof, and Williams Lake. Hitherto, exploration for mineral and hydrocarbon resources has been hampered by a lack of basic knowledge of the thickness of Neogene and Quaternary lithologies. Interpretation of these new maps provides first-order constraints on the localization of thick drift in pre-Late Wisconsinan bedrock paleovalleys, some of which are now buried. Basalt lavas of the Chilcotin Group are restricted to erosional remnants of previously extensive sheets emplaced onto an older peneplain. Our results confirm that the Neogene and Quaternary cover is primarily controlled by paleotopography and is generally thin and patchy across much of the < region. Increased understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of cover produces a corresponding increase in the utility of geological, geochemical, and geophysical exploration techniques, and a reduction in the risk for future mineral exploration activities, especially when combined with more sophisticated data sets.%PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:000294577900006 0008-407710.1139/E10-080Web Of Knowledge0Archibald,S. B.;Cover,Stefan P.;Moreau,Corrie S.qBulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae).Annals of the Entomological Society of AmericaAnn.Entomol.Soc.Am.Ïmyrmecia;ants;animal classification;biogeography;invertebrates;fossil;fossils;ant evolution;eocene;formicidae;myrmeciinae;okanagan highlands;early eocene;Horsefly River;fossil record;new species;bulldog antsïThe presence of the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae is established in the Early Eocene (Ypresian) Okanagan Highlands localities of Horsefly River, Falkland, McAbee (British Columbia, Canada) and Republic (Washington state, United States) and in the Mo-clay ÃÜlst and Fur Formations (Denmark). Nine new species in four new genera (three orthotaxa: Ypresiomyrma n. gen., Avitomyrmex n. gen., and Macabeemyrma n. gen.; one parataxon: Myrmeciites n. gen.) are described. Seven are placed in the Myrmeciinae: Ypresiomyrma orbiculata n. sp., Ypresiomyrma bartletti n. sp., Avitomyrmex elon gatus n. sp., Avitomyrex mastax n. sp., Avitomyrmex systenus n. sp., Macabeemyrma ovata n. sp., and Myrmeciites herculeanus n. sp.; two further species are tentatively placed in the subfamily, Myrmeciites (?) tabanifluviensis n. sp. from Horsefly River, and Myrmeciites (?) goliath n. sp. from McAbee. Two further myrmeciine ants are treated as Myrmeciites incertae sedis, a male from Falkland and a female (worker or queen) from Republic. Pachycondyla rebekkae Rust and Andersen, from the earliest Ypresian of Denmark, is reassigned to the genus Ypresiomyrma, within the Myrmeciinae. The fossil record indicates a northern hemisphere origin of the subfamily. The presence of Ypresiomyrma in Denmark and British Columbia further reflects the well-documented Paleogene cross-North Atlantic distributions of biota. The known fossil record of the Myrmeciinae is restricted to the Eocene. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Annals of the Entomological Society of America is the property of Entomological Society of America and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)jhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=21021882&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=siteBalisky,Allen C.;Burton,Philip}Planted conifer seedling growth under two soil thermal regimes in high-elevation forest openings in interior British Columbia New Forestsèsilviculture;Pinus contorta;Picea engelmannii;regeneration;Forests;forest;forestry;conifers;Soil;soil temperature;forest floor;Environment;Seedlings;Renewable Resources;Minerals;field trial;growth;growth response;Engelmann spruce;spruce;lodgepole pine;pine;seedling;high elevation;high-elevation;Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir;ESSF;biogeoclimatic zone;Cariboo Mountains;temperature;thermal;temperature treatments;clear-cut;clear-cuts;hummock;mineral soil;growing season;biomass;micrositesBA field trial was conducted investigating the single season growth response of 1+0 313 PSB Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings planted into two different soil thermal regimes at three high-elevation locations spanning 200 km in the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (ESSF) biogeoclimatic zone in the Cariboo Mountains of central British Columbia. Temperature treatments represented the extremes of soil temperature commonly found in high-elevation clear-cuts. A warm soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 18 to 25 C at -10 cm) consisting of a bare mineral soil hummock (average dimensions of 100 cm 100 cm 40 cm) was contrasted with a cool soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 10 to 13 C at -10 cm) comprised of organic forest floor overlying mineral soil. By the end of the growing season, seedlings of both species planted into the warm treatment generally exhibited greater root, stem, foliage, and total seedling biomass than cool treatment seedlings. Measurements of root growth at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting showed that total root number and total root length were consistently greater for warm treatment seedlings than for cool treatment seedlings. Root growth was greater from the bottom rather than from the side of the root plug for all seedlings. These results suggest that the effect of low soil temperatures on outplanted styroblock conifer seedlings is pronounced and may be limiting growth performance in high-elevation plantations in British Columbia. We recommend silvicultural treatments that secure natural regeneration, ensure that warmer microsites are always planted, and utilize seedling stocktypes able to make rapid lateral root growth into warmer surface organic horizons.âSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: 61c97347-d5e3-436d-a09fmfgefd101; AccNum: 13669921; DOI: 10.1023/A:1006592705104; ISSN: 0169-4286; ElecISSN: 1573-5095; Peer Reviewed: true>Springer-Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17 Heidelberg 69121 GermanyBalisky,Allen C.0169-4286, 0169-4286918035755; 13669921<http://search.proquest.com/docview/918035755?accountid=14601)http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006592705104#Barton,Douglas G.;Wilson,Mark V. H.~Taphonomic variations in Eocene fish-bearing varves at Horsefly, British Columbia, reveal 10 000 years of environmental changeStaphonomy;morphology;fis< hes;species;animal carcasses;temperature;fish;eocene;Horsefly;fossil;fossils;fossil fishes;fossil insects;fossil plants;varved sediment;varve;varves;temporal changes;fish morphology;diatomaceous varves;taphonomic change;environmental change;Amyzon;Eohiodon;water depth;oxygenation;ecophenotypic;ecophenotype;hypoxiaýThe Eocene Horsefly locality in British Columbia has yielded many fossil fishes, insects, and plants. Its varved sediments make it ideal for study of temporal changes in environment and fish morphology. Several intervals of diatomaceous varves indicate a deep, stratified lake setting. Earlier studies focused on morphological and taphonomic change during the 700-year H2 interval and morphological change during the 10 000-year H3 interval. The present study uses taphonomy as an index for environmental change during the ten millennia represented by H3, comparing taphonomic changes with the morphologic changes found earlier. The H3 interval records deposition in deep water, indicated by dominance of the fish genera Amyzon and Eohiodon. Quiet water conditions are indicated by minimal fin disarticulation. Hypoxia at the time of fish death is confirmed by open mouths of most fish specimens, while cool water on the lake floor prevented full flotation of fish carcasses. Water depth, temperature, and oxygenation fluctuated during H3 deposition. Periods of cooler, deeper, more hypoxic water are indicated by greater numbers and size of Amyzon specimens and by less disarticulation of skull and abdominal bones. Periods of warmer, shallower, more oxygenated waters are indicated by more disarticulation, less fin tetany, smaller fish specimens, and greater diversity of species. Correlations between the taphonomic changes and morphological changes in A. aggregatum are weak. Therefore, the morphological changes are not easily explained as ecophenotypic or short-term evolutionary responses to changes in physical lake conditions. (English) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; La localité de Horsefly (Ã0 ocène) en Colombie-Britannique a produit plusieurs poissons, insectes et plantes fossiles. Ses sédiments varvés la rendent idéale pour l'étude des changements temporels de morphologie des poissons et de l'environnement. Plusieurs intervalles de varves à diatomées indiquent un environnement de lac stratifié profond. Des études antérieures ciblaient les changements morphologiques et taphonomiques durant l'intervalle H2 de 700 ans et les changements morphologiques durant l'intervalle H3 de 10 000 ans. La présente étude utilise la taphonomie en tant qu'index pour les changements environnementaux durant les dix millénaires représentés par H3, comparant les changements taphonomiques et les changements morphologiques trouvés antérieurement. L'intervalle H3 enregistre la déposition en eau profonde, indiquée par la dominance des genres de poissons Amyzon et Eohiodon. Des conditions d'eaux tranquilles sont indiquées par une désarticulation minimale des nageoires. L'hypoxie au moment de la mort du poisson est confirmée par la bouche ouverte de la plupart des spécimens de poissons, alors que l'eau froide au fond du lac empêchait la flottation totale des carcasses des poissons. La profondeur, la température et l'oxygénation de l'eau fluctuaient durant la déposition de H3. Des périodes d'eau plus froide, plus profonde et plus hypoxique sont indiquées par le plus grand nombre et la taille accrue des spécimens Amyzon et par la désarticulation moindre des os du crâne et de l'abdomen. Des périodes d'eau plus chaude, moins profondes et plus oxygénées sont indiquées par plus de désarticulation, moins de tétanie des nageoires, des spécimens de poissions plus petits et une plus grande diversité des espèces. Les corrélations entre les changements taphonomiques et les changements morphologiques chez A. aggregatum sont faibles. Les changements morphologiques ne sont donc pas aussi facilement explicables que les réponses écophénotypiques ou celles à court terme aux changements physiques des conditions du lac.Traduit par la Rédaction] (French) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or< emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)Canadian Science Publishingjhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16760021&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1139/E05-001FBichler,A.;Bobrowsky,P.;Best,M.;Douma,M.;Hunter,J.;Calvert,T.;Burns,R.hThree-dimensional mapping of a landslide using a multi-geophysical approach: the Quesnel Forks landslide Landslides¯landslide;Quesnel River;Quesnel Forks;multi-geophysical approach;subsurface mapping;subsurface;3D;three dimensional;three dimensions;unstable slope;unstable slopes;ground penetrating radar;GPR;direct current resistivity;seismic reflection;refraction;survey;surveys;geophysical;geophysics;stratigraphy;stratigraphic;geomorphology;digital terrain models;DTM;digital terrain model;model;models;3-dimensional;rupture;separation;surfaceA landslide located on the Quesnel River in British Columbia, Canada is used as a case study to demonstrate the utility of a multi-geophysical approach to subsurface mapping of unstable slopes. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), direct current (DC) resistivity and seismic reflection and refraction surveys were conducted over the landslide and adjacent terrain. Geophysical data were interpreted based on stratigraphic and geomorphologic observations, including the use of digital terrain models (DTMs), and then integrated into a 3-dimensional model. GPR surveys yielded high-resolution data that were correlated with stratigraphic units to a maximum depth of 25 m. DC electrical resistivity offered limited data on specific units but was effective for resolving stratigraphic relationships between units to a maximum depth of 40 m. Seismic surveys were primarily used to obtain unit boundaries up to a depth of >80 m. Surfaces of rupture and separation were successfully identified by GPR and DC electrical resistivity techniques.&PT: J; TC: 45; UT: WOS:000207214700004 1612-510X10.1007/s10346-003-0008-7 Book, Whole?Bissig,Thomas;Vaca,Santiago;Hart,Craig J. R.;Barker,Shaun L. L.›Variations in the Late Triassic Nicola arc and the tectonic environment of alkalic porphyry Cu-Au mineralization, Quesnel Terrane, British Columbia, Canada”alkalic porphyry;Cu;Au;Cu-Au;deposit;deposits;Cu-Au deposits;gold;copper;Late Triassic;Nicola group;Quesnel terrane;oceanic arc;assemblage;geology;arc;geochemistry;geophysics;basalt;Mount Polley;Lac La Hache;mineralization;mineral;minerals;mineralogy;magmatism;extrusive;intrusive;magnetic;magnetic susceptibility;volcanism;alkaline;alkalinity;carbon isotope;carbon isotopes;secondary carbonates;tectonic:Most alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposits in British Columbia are hosted by the Late Triassic Nicola group and laterally equivalent rocks of the Quesnel terrane representing an oceanic arc assemblage extending over 1300 km along strike. The arc can be subdivided on the basis of subtle differences in physical properties and geochemistry. Basalts around Mount Polley and Lac La Hache, where porphyry Cu-Au mineralization was emplaced shortly after a transition from extrusive to intrusive magmatism, have higher magnetic susceptibility (>20x10(-3) SI) and Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios >0.5 and lower densities (mostly <2.9 g/cm(3)) than basalts from areas devoid porphyry Cu-Au mineralization or where mineralization is much younger than volcanism (e.g., Mount Milligan). Basalts around Mount Polley and Lac La Hache are slightly alkaline and also have relatively low Fe and Mg but higher Al and Na content. Carbon isotopes of secondary carbonates in basalts from Mount Polley range from delta C-13 = -5.6 parts per thousand to +1.7 parts per thousand (PDB) reflecting limited organic C contribution whereas in the other. studied arc segments delta C-13 is <-6 parts per thousand. Our data are consistent with Mount Polley being emplaced in a relatively oxidized arc segment shortly after a tectonic transition from an extensional to contractional regime.yPT: B; CT: 11th SGA Biennial Meeting on Let's Talk Ore Deposits; CY: SEP 26-29, 2011; CL: Univ Catolica del Norte, Antofagasta, CHILE; SP: Minera Escondida; Grp Antofagasta Minerals; Bhpbilliton; Pampa Norte; Votorantim Metais; Barrick Zaldivar; Teck; Collahuasi; YamanaGold; Atacama Pacific; MMG; Anglogold Ashanti; Abra; Guinez Ingenieria Ltda; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000309699400278%Barra, F Reich, M Campos, E Tornos,F.978-956-287-329-12Burford,Jason E.;Dery,Stephen J.;Holmes,Richard D.YSome aspects of the hydroclimatology of the Quesnel River Basin, British Columbia, CanadaHydrological ProcessesHydrol.Process.`river basins;springs;air temperature;rainfall;correlations;basins;precipitation;runoff;freshwater;Quesnel River;water resources;environment;meteorological;geoastrophysical;river runoff;ocean-atmosphere system;southern oscillation;water springs;surface runoff;temperature effects;marine;hydrologic analysis;rainfall-runoff relationships;snow;climates;climate;temperature;river discharge;snow depth;minimum temperatures;Pacific Decadal Oscillation;hydroclimatology;winter snow;winter;elevation;El Nino-Southern Oscillation event;temperature trends;Quesnel watershed;Mann-Kendall test;PDO;ENSO;freshet;discharge(In conjunction with available climate data, surface runoff is investigated at 12 gauges in the Quesnel watershed of British Columbia to develop its long-term (1926-2004) hydroclimatology. At Quesnel itself, annual mean values of air temperature, precipitation and runoff are 4DT6 DGC, 517 and 648 mm, respectively. Climate data reveal increases in precipitation, no significant trend in mean annual air temperature, but an increasing trend in mean minimum temperatures that is greatest in winter. There is some evidence of decreases in winter snow depth. On the water year scale (October-September), a strong positive correlation is found between discharge and precipitation (r = 0DT70, p < 0DT01) and a weak negative correlation is found between precipitation and temperature (r = - 0DT36, p < 0DT01). Long-term trends using the Mann-Kendall test indicate increasing annual discharge amounts that vary from 8 to 14% (12% for the Quesnel River, p = 0DT03), and also a tendency toward an earlier spring freshet. River runoff increases at a rate of 1DT26 mm yr-1 m-1 of elevation from west to east along the strong elevation gradient in the basin. Discharge, temperature and precipitation are correlated with the large-scale climate indices of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).ßSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0009701430; AccNum: 9355792; InputCenter: CS0939718; DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7253; ISSN: 0885-6087; ElecISSN: 1099-1085; Peer Reviewed: true|John Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane Chichester W. Sussex PO19 1UD UK, [mailto:customer@wiley.co.uk], [URL:http://www.wiley.com/]Burford,Jason E.0885-6087, 0885-608720862598; 9355792;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20862598?accountid=14601"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7253Clark,EL;Huber,DPW;Carroll,AL¬The Legacy of Attack: Implications of High Phloem Resin Monoterpene Levels in Lodgepole Pines Following Mass Attack by Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae HopkinsEnvironmental EntomologyEnviron.Entomol. entomology;ecology;mountain pine beetle;Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins;Dendroctonus ponderosae;terpenes;resin;pines;pinus;lodgepole pine;pinus contorta;phloem;phloem resin;trees;monoterpenes;defense;secondary metabolites;secondary-metabolites;survive;survival rate¼The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is the most serious pest of pines (Pinus) in western North America. Host pines protect themselves from attack by producing a complex mixture of terpenes in their resin. We sampled lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta variety latifolia) phloem resin at four widely separated locations in th< e interior of British Columbia, Canada, both just before (beginning of July) and substantially after (end of August) the mountain pine beetle dispersal period. The sampled trees then were observed the next spring for evidence of survival, and the levels of seven resin monoterpenes were compared between July and August samples. Trees that did not survive consistently had significantly higher phloem resin monoterpene levels at the end of August compared with levels in July. Trees that did survive mainly did not exhibit a significant difference between the two sample dates. The accumulation of copious defense-related secondary metabolites in the resin of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine has important implications for describing the environmental niche that the beetle offspring survive in as well as that of parasitoids, predators, and other associates.ÈSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-f94747ea-a441-41ab-aed1csamfg201; AccNum: 16558708; DOI: 10.1603/EN11295; ISSN: 0046-225X; Peer Reviewed: true Entomological Society of America United StatesClark,EL 0046-225X1009629341; 16558708=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1009629341?accountid=14601!http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN112959AGRICOLA, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management!Clarke,WC;Withler,RE;Shelbourn,JE^Genetic control of juvenile life history pattern in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )2Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic SciencesCan.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.Mphenotype;phenotypes;fish;juveniles;juvenile;genetics;genetic;ecology;life history;genetic regulation;Oncorhynchus tshawytscha;photoperiods;chinook;chinook salmon;salmon;photoperiod response;ocean-type;stream-type;crossing experiment;crossing experiments;Quesnel River;Conuma River;hybridization;hybrid;Quesnel-Conuma hybrid;maternalàTo investigate the genetic basis for the difference in photoperiod responses between juvenile ocean-type and stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), we conducted two crossing experiments and exposed the progeny to either a short- or long-day photoperiod for 10 wk from the time of first feeding. The first experiment examined the photoperiod response of pure and reciprocal crosses among red- and white-fleshed Quesnel River (stream-type) chinook salmon. The second experiment tested the photoperiod response of pure and reciprocal crosses between Quesnel River (stream-type) and Conuma River (ocean-type) chinook salmon. In both experiments, Quesnel chinook salmon fry (both red and white fleshed) sustained a high growth rate and developed a high degree of seawater adaptability only when exposed first to a short-day photoperiod for 10 wk and then to a long-day photoperiod. In contrast, the Conum River chinook salmon grew rapidly and developed the increased seawater adaptability characteristic of smolts when reared on either photoperiod regime. Reciprocal Conuma-Quesnel hybrids displayed the ocean-type pattern of development, indicating that the photoperiod-independent phenotype is dominant and not under maternal control.›Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004421424; AccNum: 2881984; ISSN: 0706-652X; Peer Reviewed: true Clarke,W. C.0706-652X, 0706-652X16386256; 2881984;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16386256?accountid=14601UCrossin,G. T.;Hinch,S. G.;Farrell,A. P.;Higgs,DA;Lotto,A. G.;Oakes,J. D.;Healey,M. C.`Energetics and morphology of sockeye salmon: effects of upriver migratory distance and elevationJournal of fish biology J.Fish Biol.ôecology;travel;bioenergetics;anadromous species;fish eggs;fish;biological sciences;living resources;animal behavior;spawning;freshwater;Fraser River;migration;eggs;animal metabolism;Oncorhynchus nerka;environmental effects;energetics;spawning migrations;anadromous migrations;evolution;sockeye salmon;migrations and rhythms;body length;population;salmon;evolutionary theory;natural selection;selection;selected;elevation;distance;somatic energy;energy;energy conservation;Early Stuart;Chilko;HorseflyDepending on population, wild Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka travel distances of 1100 km and ascend elevations ranging from near sea-level to 1200 m to reach spawning areas. Populations embarking on distant, high elevation migrations (i.e. Early Stuart, Chilko and Horsefly populations) began their upriver spawning migrations with higher densities of somatic energy (c. 9 times 2 to 9 times 8 MJ kg super(-1)) and fewer eggs (c. 3200 to 3800) than populations making shorter, low elevation migrations (i.e. Weaver and Adams; c. 7 times 1 to 8 times 3 MJ kg super(-1) gross somatic energy and c. 4300 to 4700 eggs). Populations making difficult upriver migrations also had morphologies that were smaller and more fusiform than populations making less difficult migrations, traits that may facilitate somatic energy conservation by reducing transport costs. Indeed, fish travelling long distances expended less somatic energy per unit of migratory difficulty than those travelling shorter distances (2 times 8 to 3 times 8 kJ v. 10-1400 kJ). Consistent with evolutionary theory, difficult migrations appear to select for energy efficiency but ultimately fish making more difficult migrations produce fewer eggs, even when differences in body length have been accounted for. Despite large among-population differences in somatic energy at the start of upriver migration, all populations completed migration and spawning, and subsequently died, with c. 4 MJ kg super(-1) of energy remaining, a level which may reflect a threshold to sustain life.ÚSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001134666; AccNum: 6397875; InputCenter: CS0516137; DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00486.x; ISSN: 0022-1112; Peer Reviewed: true Crossin,G. T.0022-1112, 0022-111217499378; 6397875;http://search.proquest.com/docview/17499378?accountid=146012http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00486.xCrossin,Glenn T.;Hinch,Scott G.;Cooke,Steven J.;Welch,David W.;Batten,Sonia D.;Patterson,David A.;Kraak,Glen;Shrimpton,JMark;Farrell,Anthony P.YBehaviour and physiology of sockeye salmon homing through coastal waters to a natal riverMarine Biology Mar.Biol.CTravel;travel time;travel times;anadromous species;glucose;lactate;osmolality;plasma k super;plasma cl super;Fraser River;migration;sex hormones;testosterone;ATPase;serological studies;biopsy;animal metabolism;fishery surveys;behaviour;telemetry;Oncorhynchus nerka;mouth;rivers;ecology;marine;Weaver Creek;coastal waters;blood;Biological Sciences;living resources;animal behavior;energy;ecosystem;migrations;blood chemistry;acoustic transmitters;continental shelf;sockeye salmon;salmon;salmon run;migration rate;migration behaviour;Adams Creek;Birkenhead;Chilko;Horsefly;Stellako…Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, N = 179) from six Fraser River populations (British Columbia) were intercepted in continental shelf waters similar to 215 km from the Fraser River mouth, gastrically implanted with acoustic transmitters, non-lethally biopsied for blood biochemistry, gill Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase activity and somatic energy density and then released. Migration behaviour and travel times to the river mouth and into the river were monitored by underwater telemetry receivers positioned at the river mouth and in the river. Post-release survival of salmon was excellent, with 84% (N = 150) of fish reaching the furthest receiving station similar to 85 km upriver. Fish from Late-summer run populations (Adams and Weaver Creek) averaged a migration rate of similar to 20 km day super(-1) through the marine area and held at the river mouth and adjacent areas for 7-9 days before entering the river. Summer-run populations (Birkenhead, Chilko, Horsefly and Stellako) had a migration rate similar to 33 km day super(-1) and held for only 1-3 days. Once in river, similar patterns were observed: Late-run populations migrated at similar to 28 km day super(-1) and Summer-run populations at similar to 40 km day super(-1). From point of release to the r< iver mouth, males migrated faster than females, but once in river migration rates did not differ between sexes. Among all females, a correlation was discovered between levels of circulating testosterone and river entry timing. This correlation was not observed among males. Plasma K super(+), Cl super(-), glucose, lactate and osmolality were also correlated with entry timing in both sexes.èSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0006619206; AccNum: 7623445; InputCenter: CS0801173; DOI: 10.1007/s00227-007-0741-x; ISSN: 0025-3162; ElecISSN: 1432-1793; Peer Reviewed: true}Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3 Berlin 14197 Germany, [mailto:subscriptions@springer.de], [URL:http://www.springer.de/]Crossin,Glenn T.0025-3162, 0025-316220494548; 7623445;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20494548?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0741-x.Darwyn Coxson;Susan Stevenson;Jocelyn Campbell¡Short-term impacts of partial cutting on lichen retention and canopy microclimate in an Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forest in north-central British Columbia#Canadian Journal of Forest Research±Forests;Forestry;forest;canopy;lichen;lichens;retention;Alectoria;Bryoria;foliose;group selection;GS;single-tree selection;STS;partial cuts;subalpine spruce-fir forest;subalpine spruce fir;subalphine spruce fir forest;subalpine spruce-fir;spruce;fir;Picea englemannii;Abies lasiocarpa;baseline canopy;canopy lichen;canopy lichen loading;preharvest;postharvest;harvest;microclimate;canopy microclimate;ecosystem;lichen loading;caribou¹The retention of canopy lichens (Alectoria, Bryoria, and foliose) in group selection (GS) and single-tree selection (STS) partial cuts (30% removal) was studied within a subalpine spruce-fir forest (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm. - Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in north-central British Columbia. Baseline canopy lichen loading (preharvest and immediate postharvest) was compared with lichen loading 2 years after harvesting, using both groundand canopy-based sampling techniques. Additionally, canopy microclimate was compared between GS and adjacent stand areas with no harvest treatment (NT). Partial cutting did not have a significant effect on lichen loading in residual trees, although a trend of declining lichen abundance was observed in each of the GS, STS, and NT areas. Partitioning of lichen abundance data showed significant postharvest declines for upper canopy STS Bryoria and smaller, but significant, changes in foliose lichen abundance in the NT and STS areas. No significant changes in canopy microclimate were observed between treatments, with the exception of south-facing aspects in GS trees, which showed reduced duration of lichen hydration. Taken together, these factors suggest that although the placement of Bryoria in residual trees may shift towards lower canopy exposures, partial-cut harvest treatments can maintain short-term lichen loading and associated ecosystem values (e.g., caribou forage) in subalpine spruce-fir stands.Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; Copyright: Copyright National Research Council of Canada May 2003; DOCID: 344971101; PCID: 4887041; PMID: 37828; CODEN: CJFRAR; ProvJournalCode: CJFR; PublisherXID: INODCJFR0000050502#National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, Canada, Ottawa<http://search.proquest.com/docview/230517159?accountid=14601CBCA Reference & Current Events Deyell,C. L.aSulfur isotope zonation at the mt polley alkalic porphyry Cu-Au deposit, British Columbia, CanadaRMount Polley;Mt Polley;geology;alkalic porphyry;deposit;deposits;Quesnel terrane;mineral;minerals;mineralogy;plagioclase;potassium;feldspar-phyric;intrusions;intrusion breccias;sulfide;sulphide;mineralization;chalcopyrite halo;peripheral pyrite;sulfur;isotope;NE Zone;zonation;zone;zones;bomite;redox;sulphide deposition;mining;mine;minesThe Mt Polley alkalic porphyry deposit is located in the Quesnel terra ne, British Columbia, Canada. A newly discovered mineralized zone (the NE Zone) is dominated by plagioclase and potassium feldspar-phyric intrusions and large zones of intrusion breccias. Sulfide mineralization is strongly zoned from a core of bomite outwards to a chalcopyrite halo and peripheral pyrite. The goal of this study was to examine the sulfide sulfur isotope composition in the NE Zone to determine if any zonation is present. Previous studies at other alkalic porphyry deposits (e.g. Afton, Britise for Mt Polley. Results from this study indicate that delta S-34(sulfide) values in the NE Zone are strongly negative, ranging from -1.1 to -7.0 parts per thousand. There is a strong spatial zonation in the data, with minimum delta S-34(cpy) values slih Columbia; Cadia District, NSW, Australia; Didipio, Philippines), have shown a systematic lateral and vertical zonation in delta S-34(sulfide) data around a mineralized core. No similar data were previously availabightly offset from the core of bomite mineralization, zoning outwards to less negative values. This zonation cannot e attributed to the effects of cooling alone and the data suggest that redox controls were significant during sulfide deposition.lPT: B; CT: 8th Biennial SGA Meeting; CY: AUG 18-21, 2005; CL: Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA; SP: China Univ Geosci; Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Mineral Resources; Natl Nat Sci Fdn China; China Soc Geol; Soc Resource Geol; Soc Econ Geol; Int Assoc Genesis Ore Deposits; Inst Geol & Geophys; Inst Geochem; State Key Lab Mineral Deposit Res; TC: 2; UT: WOS:000237245800098Mao,J. Bierlein,FP 3-540-27945-810.1007/3-540-27946-6_98 Droste,RL;Kennedy,KJ;McCarthy,PJVRole of Resin Acids in the Anaerobic Toxicity of Chemithermomechanical Pulp WastewaterVWater Research WATRAG, Vol.24, No.11, p 1401-1405, November 1990.5 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.gWastewater treatment processes;Water Resources;Chemithermomechanical pulp;CTMP;anaerobically;anaerobic treatment;anaerobic;inhibition;inhibitory compounds;anaerobic bacteria;anaerobic toxicity assay;anaerobic toxicity assays;ATA;resin acids;toxicity;bleached CTMP;BCTMP;wastewater;resin acid;fiber;synergistic effects;pulp and paper;pulp;Quesnel River Pulp CoìChemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) wastewaters are treated anaerobically, in full scale operations, in spite of the presence of inhibitory compounds. These compounds have not been well identified nor placed in an order of priority in terms of inhibitions to anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, anaerobic toxicity assays (ATA) were used to quantify the relative toxicity of resin acids to the total toxicity in bleached CTMP (BCTMP) wastewater. A resin acid mixture was prepared that matched as closely as possible the mean resin acid composition reported in wastewater from the Quesnel River Pulp Co. on five separate occasions. A series of resin acid concentrations ranging from 20 to 700 mg/L were assayed during the ATA. Resin acids were partitioned between the soluble wastewater and the fiber fractions. Therefore fiber toxicity was also compared to raw BCTMP wastewater toxicity. Results indicated that anaerobic toxicity in BCTMP with fiber wastewater is partly soluble and partly fiber associated. The anaerobic toxicity that is removed with the fiber is methanol soluble. The bulk of the fiber which is not methanol soluble exhibited no toxicity to the anaerobic cultures used. Resin acids inhibit anaerobic activity but BCTMP wastewater toxicity to anaerobic bacteria can only be partially explained by the presence of resin acids. The possible synergistic effects that other compounds may have in conjunction with the resin acids in BCTMP with fiber wastewater toxicity could not be excluded. (White-Reimer-PTT)uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001891391; AccNum: 9102797 Droste,R. L.19085323; 9102797;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19085323?accountid=146014Elliott,JE;Machmer,MM;Henny,CJ;Wilson,LK;Norstrom,RJ•Contaminants in Ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: I. Trends and Patterns in Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and -Dibenzofurans in Eggs and Plasma6Archives of Envir< onmental Contamination and ToxicologyArch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.‡furans;environmental impact;osprey;Columbia River;pollution;effects on organisms;dioxins;birds;toxicology;Fraser River;aqualine;water resources;aquatic pollution;environmental quality;Pandion haliaetus;eggs;osprey eggs;nests;kraft pulp mill;pulp mill;pulp mills;blood samples;nestling ospreys;polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins;PCDDs;dibenzofurans;PCDFs;Thompson River;Kamloops;Castlegar;birdËOsprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs were collected from 1991 to 1997 at nests (n = 121) upstream and downstream of bleached kraft pulp mills and at reference sites in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage systems of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Blood samples were collected from nestling ospreys during the 1992 breeding season on the Thompson River. Samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and -dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Mean concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were significantly higher in eggs collected in 1991 at downstream compared to upstream nests near pulp mills at Kamloops and Castlegar, British Columbia. There were no significant temporal trends in 2,3,7,8-TCDD, -TCDF or other measured compounds at a sample of nests monitored between 1991 and 1994 downstream of the Castlegar pulp mill, despite changes in bleaching technology (CIO sub(2) substitution). However, by 1997 concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and -TCDF were significantly lower than previous years in nests sampled downstream at both Castlegar and Kamloops. An unusual pattern of higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs was found in many of the osprey eggs collected in this study, and considerable individual variation in the pattern existed among eggs from the same site. For example, eggs from four different nests at one study area (Quesnel) on the Fraser River had concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD ranging from <1 to 1,100 ng/kg and OCDD from <1 to 7,000 ng/kg wet weight. Higher mean concentrations of HpCDD and OCDD were found in eggs from the Thompson River, a tributary of the Fraser, compared to the Columbia River, and concentrations were generally higher at nests upstream of pulp mills. In plasma samples, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD were the main compounds detected, with no significant differences measured between samples upstream versus downstream or earlier versus later in the breeding season. Use of chlorophenolic wood preservatives by lumber processors was considered the main source of higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs throughout the systems, based on patterns of trace PCDFs in eggs and significant correlations between egg concentrations of pentachlorophenol and both HpCDD (r = 0.891, p < 0.01) and OCDD (r = 0.870, p < 0.01).³Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0002652669; AccNum: 5421318; InputCenter: CS0222813; ISSN: 0090-4341; Peer Reviewed: true Elliott,JE0090-4341, 0090-434118446728; 5421318;http://search.proquest.com/docview/18446728?accountid=14601Erik Schiefer;Brian KlinkenbergdThe distribution and morphometry of lakes and reservoirs in British Columbia: a provincial inventoryCanadian Geographer Fall 2004¦geography;lakes;reservoirs;distribution;morphometry;standing water;water bodies;water body;hypsometric relation;hypsometric;limnology;morphometric attributes;limnologic redions;Alberta Plateau;northeastern Alberta Plateau;southwestern Alberta Plateau;Milbanke Strandfiat;geomorphic controls;tectonic;glacial;tectonic history;glacial history;ecosystem;water resource;water resource management;inventory;provincial inventoryAn inventory of provincial lakes and reservoirs has been developed to characterise and assess the distribution and morphometry of standing water bodies in British Columbia. In the province, there are over 241,500 lakes and reservoirs greater than 1,000 m^sup 2^ in size. These water bodies cover 2.37 percent of the province area and contain an estimated 521 km^sup 3^ of water (312 km^sup 3^ in natural lakes and 209 km^sup 3^ in reservoirs). A hypsometric relation suitable for order-of-magnitude estimates of lake volume from lake area is presented. Based on the distribution and morphometric attributes of lakes, several distinctive limnologic regions were identified, including the northeastern Alberta Plateau (highest proportion of circular lakes), the southwestern Alberta Plateau (lowest lake density/ coverage and highest proportion of irregularly shaped lakes) and the Milbanke Strandfiat (highest density of lakes). Observed regional and scale-related patterns in lake distribution/ morphometry appear to be largely related to geomorphic controls, particularly tectonic and glacial history. Large-scale hydrologic implications of these standing water bodies and potential ecosystem/water resource management applications of the provincial inventory are also discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; Copyright: Copyright Canadian Association of Geographers Fall 2004; DOCID: 719348501; PCID: 13897021; PMID: 16674; CODEN: CAGGAR; ProvJournalCode: PCGE; PublisherXID: INODPCGE0001245162Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Toronto, United Kingdom, Toronto<http://search.proquest.com/docview/228320895?accountid=14601:Eun Kim,Ji;Withler,Ruth E.;Ritland,Carol;Cheng,Kimberly M.„Genetic Variation within and Between Domesticated Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Strains and their Progenitor PopulationsEnvironmental Biology of FishesEnviron.Biol.FisheséSalmon;Historical account;Allelles;Spawning populations;Biology;Zoology;Anadromous species;Nucleotide sequence;Oceans;Estuaries;Genetic diversity;Creek;Strains;Fish culture;Oncorhynchus tshawytscha;Domestication;Population genetics;Islands;Breeding;Fish;Environment;Biological Sciences;Living Resources;chinook;chinook salmon;Big Qualicum River;Robertson Creek;genetic variation;genetics;progenitor populations;genetic relationships;domesticated chinook salmon;hybrid;hybrids;hybridization×Domesticated chinook salmon strains in British Columbia (BC), Canada are believed to have originated primarily from populations of the Big Qualicum (BQ) River and Robertson Creek (RC) on Vancouver Island in the early 1980s. The number of parental fish that gave rise to the domesticated strains and their subsequent breeding history during approximately five ensuing generations of domestication were not documented. Genetic variation at 13 microsatellite loci was examined in samples from two domesticated strains and the two progenitor populations to determine the genetic relationships among them. The domesticated strains had lower allelic diversity and tended to have lower levels of expected heterozygosity than did the BQ and RC progenitor populations. Only three alleles over all 13 loci were detected in the domesticated strains that were not present in the BQ and RC samples, whereas the progenitor strains possessed over 25 (BQ) and 43 (RC) private alleles. Genetic distance and F sub(ST) values also indicated a closer relationship of the domesticated strains with the BQ than the RC population. One domesticated strain had a significant excess of heterozygosity compared with that expected under conditions of mutation-drift equilibrium, indicative of a recent genetic bottleneck. Genetic differentiation between the domesticated strains was as great as that distinguishing them from the progenitor populations, indicating that the genetic base of domesticated chinook salmon could be increased by hybridization. The existence of genetically distinct domesticated strains of chinook salmon in coastal BC generates the need for an evaluation of potential genetic interactions between domesticated escapees and natural spawning populations.Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-1b7f3f38-162c-4840-90c6mfgefd107; AccNum: 17023451; InputCenter: CS1256486; DOI: 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022891.83210.2e; ISSN: 0378-1909; ElecISSN: 1573-5133; Peer Reviewed: trueSpringer Science+Business Media Netherlands Eun Kim,Ji 0378-19091222965019; 17023451=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1222965019?accou< ntid=146014http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022891.83210.2e:Ferguson,John W.;Healey,Michael;Dugan,Patrick;Barlow,ChrisvPotential Effects of Dams on Migratory Fish in the Mekong River: Lessons from Salmon in the Fraser and Columbia RiversEnvironmental managementEnviron.Manage.Òenvironment;ecology;water resource;water resources;water resource development;migratory fish;fish;Pacific salmon;salmon;fisheries;fishery;hatchery;hatcheries;salmon population;salmon populations;population;populations;extinction;federal protection;rivers;Fraser River;tributaries;Columbia River;dam;dams;Mekong River;mainstream;mainstream dam;mainstream dams;tributary dam;tributary dams;basin;environmental impact;environmental impacts;impact;impacts;dam operationswWe compared the effects of water resource development on migratory fish in two North American rivers using a descriptive approach based on four high-level indicators: (1) trends in abundance of Pacific salmon, (2) reliance on artificial production to maintain fisheries, (3) proportion of adult salmon that are wild- versus hatchery-origin, and (4) number of salmon populations needing federal protection to avoid extinction. The two rivers had similar biological and physical features but radically different levels of water resource development: the Fraser River has few dams and all are located in tributaries, whereas the Columbia River has more than 130 large mainstem and tributary dams. Not surprisingly, we found substantial effects of development on salmon in the Columbia River. We related the results to potential effects on migratory fish in the Mekong River where nearly 200 mainstem and tributary dams are installed, under construction, or planned and could have profound effects on its 135 migratory fish species. Impacts will vary with dam location due to differential fish production within the basin, with overall effects likely being greatest from 11 proposed mainstem dams. Minimizing impacts will require decades to design specialized fish passage facilities, dam operations, and artificial production, and is complicated by the Mekong's high diversity and productivity. Prompt action is needed by governments and fisheries managers to plan Mekong water resource development wisely to prevent impacts to the world's most productive inland fisheries, and food security and employment opportunities for millions of people in the region.çSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-b410451d-eee9-4ca9-bb23mfgefd101; AccNum: 14168038; DOI: 10.1007/s00267-010-9563-6; ISSN: 0364-152X; ElecISSN: 1432-1009; Peer Reviewed: trueFerguson,John W. 0364-152X852191241; 14168038<http://search.proquest.com/docview/852191241?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9563-6AAGRICOLA, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management, GeoRef!Fletcher,C. J. N.;Greenwood,H. J.UMetamorphism and Structure of Penfold Creek Area, Near Quesnel Lake, British-ColumbiaJournal of Petrology J.Petrol.HQuesnel Lake;Omineca Crystalline Belt;Omineca;Shuswap Metamorphic Complex;metamorphic belt;metamorphic;Penfold Creek;biotite;sillimanite;isograd;isograds;metamorphic grade;geology;deformation;mineralogy;mineral;minerals;pelitic;calcareous;assemblages;rock;rocks;granitic gneiss;gneiss;granite sill;Proterozoic;sediment;sediments The Quesnel Lake area lies within the Omineca Crystalline Belt, and is underlain by the northern extremity of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex. Closely spaced and steeply dipping isograds mark the margins of the metamorphic belt. In the Penfold Creek area only one and a half miles separate the biotite and sillimanite isograds. Related to this sharp increase in metamorphic grade there is a marked change in the fold style from similar folds, showing a strong axial-plane cleavage, in the chlorite zone to tight refolded isoclines in the sillimanite zone. Three periods of deformation and two periods of prograde metamorphism have been recognized, with the first metamorphic period being associated with Phase 2 deformation and the second being post Phase 2. Mineralogical changes in pelitic and calcareous assemblages suggest that the increase in metamorphic grade was a function of both temperature and composition of the fluid phase, and that total pressure remained relatively constant. Compositional variations of major minerals in the pelitic rocks are consistent with a model of increasing P[sub Hâ  O] with increasing temperature, moreover they suggest that in the highest grades of meta-morphism P[sub Hâ  O] = P[sub Total]. An isoclinally folded granitic gneiss crops out along the shores of Quesnel Lake. It is believed to represent a metamorphosed granite sill which had been intruded into the surrounding Proterozoic sediments.&PT: J; TC: 63; UT: WOS:A1979HW95500004 0022-3530!Gilbert,Robert;Desloges,Joseph R.TLate glacial and Holocene sedimentary environments of Quesnel Lake, British Columbia GeomorphologyHolocene Epoch;sediments;geology;watersheds;Pleistocene Epoch;sedimentation;deposition;geological time;Quesnel Lake;Holocene;Pleistocene;geological;drainage basin;Cordillera,eastern Cordillera;sedimentary record;accumulation;limnology;sedimentary process;vivianite;sedimentîAbstract: At 512m Quesnel Lake is the third deepest in North America and at 100km long its drainage basin spans from the arid interior plateau to the high mountains of the eastern Cordillera where small glaciers are a significant source of sediment. In most of the lake sediment is 0 to 40m thick, reaching a maximum of just over 100m thick near the junction of the three arms. Cores from three locations in the lake provide evidence that the entire Holocene record is contained in the upper 4 to 6m of the sedimentary record where rates of accumulation have been constant or have decreased slowly. The highest rates (0.35 to 0.72mm/a) occur near points of inflow, while the lowest rate (0.22mm/a) occurs in a sheltered environment with limited inflow, and significant hypolimnic circulation which may flush water and suspended sediment from the water column. Late Pleistocene sediment beneath has a similar acoustic signature to the cored Holocene record above, suggesting that the sedimentary processes governing its deposition were not greatly different than in the present lake but that extensive glacial and paraglacial sources contributed to a significantly higher rate of accumulation. Mazama ash analyzed from two locations near points of inflow has an age of 7576±60cal. BP according to our chronology. Vivianite, which is uncommon in lakes of the Cordillera, occurs in the middle of the cores mainly associated with macroscopic wood fragments and indicates reducing conditions within t< he sediment. Copyright &y& Elsevier]; Copyright of Geomorphology is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)0169555X`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=83651883&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.010CGreenwood,David R.;Archibald,S. B.;Mathewes,Rolf W.;Moss,Patrick T.šFossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscapeéfossil;fossils;paleontology;uplands;biotic communities;landscapes;paleoclimatology;okanagan highlands;eocene;late early eocene;early middle eocene;cenozoic;plant taxa;Horsefly;leaf margin analysis;LMA;bioclimatic analysis;bioclimaticNThe late Early to early Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands fossil sites, spanning ~1000 km north⬠ south (northeastern Washington State, southern British Columbia) provide an opportunity to reconstruct biotic communities across a broad upland landscape during the warmest part of the Cenozoic. Plant taxa from these fossil sites are characteristic of the modern eastern North American deciduous forest zone, principally the mixed mesophytic forest, but also include extinct taxa, taxa known only from eastern Asian mesothermal forests, and a small number of taxa restricted to the present-day North American west coast coniferous biome. In this preliminary report, paleoclimates and forest types are reconstructed using collections from Republic in Washington State, USA., and Princeton, Quilchena, Falkland, McAbee, Hat Creek, Horsefly, and Driftwood Canyon in British Columbia, Canada. Both leaf margin analysis (LMA) and quantitative bioclimatic analysis of identified nearest living relatives of megaflora indicated upper microthermal to lower mesothermal moist environments (MAT ~10⬠ 15 °C, CMMT > 0 °C, MAP > 100 cm/year). Some taxa common to most sites suggest cool conditions (e.g., Abies, other Pinaceae; Alnus, other Betulaceae). However, all floras contain a substantive broadleaf deciduous element (e.g., Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) and conifers (e.g., Metasequoia) with the bioclimatic analysis yielding slightly higher MAT than LMA. Thermophilic (principally mesothermal) taxa include various insects, the aquatic fern Azolla, palms, the banana relative Ensete, taxodiaceous conifers, Eucommia and Gordonia, taxa which may have occurred near their climatic limits. The mixture of thermophilic and temperate insect and plant taxa indicates low-temperature seasonality (i.e., highly equable climate). (English) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Les sites fossiles des hautes terres de l'Okanagan (Ã0 ocène précoce tardif à moyen précoce) s'étendent sur ~1000 km nord⬠ sud (nord-est de l'Ã0 tat de Washington, sud de la Colombie-Britannique) et fournissent l'occasion de reconstruire les communautés biotiques à travers un vaste paysage de zones sèches durant la partie la plus chaude du Cénozoïque. Les taxons des plantes provenant de ces sites fossilifères sont caractéristiques de la zone moderne de forêts décidues du nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord, principalement la forêt mixte mésophile, mais ils comprennent aussi des taxons éteints, des taxons connus seulement dans les forêts mésothermes de l'est de l'Asie et un petit nombre de taxons restreints au biome conifère actuel de la côte ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. Dans ce rapport préliminaire, les paléoclimats et les types de forêts sont reconstruits à partir des collections de Republic dans l'Ã0 tat de Washington, Ã0 .-U., et Princeton, Quilchena, Falkland, McAbee, Hat Creek, Horsefly et le canyon Driftwood en Colombie-Britannique, Canada. L'analyse des bordures de feuilles ainsi que l'analyse bioclimatique quantitative des plus proches parents vivants identifiés de la mégaflore indiquent des environnements humides microthermes supérieurs à mésothermes inférieurs (TMA ~10⬠ 15 ºC, température moyenne des mois les plus froids > 0 ºC, PMA > 100 cm/an). Quelques taxons communs aux sites humides suggèrent des conditions fraîches (p. ex. Abies, d'autres Pinacées; Alnus, d'autres Bétulacées). Toutefois, toutes les flores contiennent un élément substantif de décidu à feuille large (p. ex. Fagacées, Juglandacées) et de conifères (< p. ex. Metasequoia) avec une analyse bioclimatique qui donne des TMA plus élevées que l'analyse de la bordure des feuilles. Les taxons thermophiles (surtout mésothermes) comprennent la fougère aquatique Azolla, des palmiers, Ensete, parent de la banane, des conifères de la famille des Taxodiacées, Eucommia et Gordonia, des taxons qui étaient possiblement à leur limite climatique. Le mélange de taxons thermophiles et tempérés de plantes et d'insectes indique une saisonnalité de basse température (c'est-à-dire un climat hautement tempéré).Traduit par la Rédaction] (French) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)jhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16760022&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1139/E04-1009Guill,Christian;Drossel,Barbara;Just,Wolfram;Carmack,EddyCA three-species model explaining cyclic dominance of Pacific salmonJournal of theoretical biology J.Theor.Biol.WOligotrophic lakes;Anadromous species;Biological Sciences;Living Resources;Fraser River basin;Fraser River;Man-induced effects;Freshwater;Freshwater fish;fish;Population dynamics;Fish culture;Resonance;Stream;Oncorhynchus nerka;Pacific;Modelling;Biology;spawning;sockeye;sockeye salmon;salmon;population oscillations;Neimark Sacker bifurcationThe four-year oscillations of the number of spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that return to their native stream within the Fraser River basin in Canada are a striking example of population oscillations. The period of the oscillation corresponds to the dominant generation time of these fish. Variousanot fully convincingaexplanations for these oscillations have been proposed, including stochastic influences, depensatory fishing, or genetic effects. Here, we show that the oscillations can be explained as an attractor of the population dynamics, resulting from a strong resonance near a Neimark Sacker bifurcation. This explains not only the long-term persistence of these oscillations, but also reproduces correctly the empirical sequence of salmon abundance within one period of the oscillations. Furthermore, it explains the observation that these oscillations occur only in sockeye stocks originating from large oligotrophic lakes, and that they are usually not observed in salmon species that have a longer generation time.ëSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-036b2da6-c411-46d2-92c0csaobj201; AccNum: 14604608; InputCenter: CS1141741; DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.036; ISSN: 0022-5193; Peer Reviewed: trueElsevier ScienceGuill,Christian 0022-5193876382866; 14604608<http://search.proquest.com/docview/876382866?accountid=14601,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.036¬Hanson,Kyle C.;Cooke,Steven J.;Hinch,Scott G.;Crossin,Glenn T.;Patterson,David A.;English,Karl K.;Donaldson,Michael R.;Shrimpton,JMark;Van der Kraak,Glen;Farrell,Anthony P.ªIndividual Variation in Migration Speed of Upriver-Migrating Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River in Relation to Their Physiological and Energetic Status at Marine Approach%Physiological and Biochemical ZoologyOBioenergetics;Anadromous species;Fraser River;Watersheds;watershed;Freshwater;Migration;Locomotion;Oncorhynchus nerka;Gills;Temperature effects;Rivers;Marine;Body conditions;Freshwater environments;Recruitment;Brackish;Water temperature;Animal Behavior;Ecology;Biological Sciences;Living Resources;Blood;Oceans;Johnstone Strait;Ecosystem;Migrations;Population structure;Sockeye salmon;rhythms;sockeye;migration speed;migration rate;migration speeds;migration rates;energetic;energetics;energetic status;physiology;environmental factors;fish;Quesnel;Chilcotin;Nechako;environmental conditions—Little research has examined individual variation in migration speeds of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in natural river systems or attempted to link migratory behavior with physiological and energetic status on a large spatial scale in the wild. As a model, we used three stocks of summer-run sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from the Fraser River watershed, British Columbia, to test the hypothesis that individual variation in migration speed is determined by a combination of environmental factors (i.e., water temperature), intrinsic biological differences (sex and population), and physiological and energetic condition. Before the freshwater portion of the migration, sockeye salmon (Quesnel, Chilcotin, and Nechako stock complexes) were captured in Johnstone Strait ([image]215 km from river entry), gastrically implanted with radio transmitters, and sampled for blood, gill tissue, and energetic status before release. Analyses focused solely on individuals that successfully reached natal subwatersheds. Migration speeds were assessed by an extensive radiotelemetry array. Individuals from the stock complex that migrated the longest distance (Nechako) traveled at speeds slower than those of other stock complexes. Females traveled slower than males. An elevated energetic status of fish in the ocean was negatively correlated with migration speed in most river segments. During the transition from the ocean to the river, migration speed was negatively correlated with mean maximum water temperature; however, for the majority of river segments, it was positively correlated with migration speed. Physiological status measured in the ocean did not explain among-individual variability in river migration speeds. Collectively, these findings suggest that there could be extensive variation in migration behavior among individuals, sexes, and populations and that physiological condition in the ocean explained little of this variation relative to in-river environmental conditions and energetic status. Interestingly, individual fish generally retained their rank in swimming speed across different segments, except when transiting a challenging canyon midway during the migration.ÈSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0008822382; AccNum: 8585651; InputCenter: CS0902448; DOI: 10.1086/529460; ISSN: 1522-2152; Peer Reviewed: true‹University of Chicago Press, P.O. Box 37005 Chicago IL 60637 USA, [mailto:help@press.uchicago.edu], [URL:http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/]Hanson,Kyle C.1522-2152, 1522-215219490257; 8585651;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19490257?accountid=14601 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529460Hume,JMB;Shortreed,KS;Morton,KFKJuvenile sockeye rearing capacity of three lakes in the Fraser River systemÿenvironmental factors;fish stocking;Lakes;Fish;production;models;Water Resources;Ecology;Oncorhynchus nerka;salmon;population regulation;fish populations;productivity;sockeye;sockeye salmon;spawner;spawning;Shuswap Lake;Chilko Lake;Quesnel Lake;fry;smolts_We used three methods to estimate sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) escapements that maximize production (S sub(MAX)) in Fraser River lakes: (i) effective female spawners and adult returns using Ricker stock-recruit analysis (SR models), (ii) effective female spawners and fall fry or smolts (fry models), and (iii) photosynthetic rates (PR model), a modification of an Alaskan sockeye production model (EV model). Adult SR models were not useful in predicting S sub(MAX) because of high variability in Shuswap and Chilko lakes (r super(2) < 11%) and because of linearity in Quesnel Lake. Fry models using Ricker stock-recruit analysis provided S sub(MAX) escapements of 0.90, 1.38, and 1.06 million for Quesnel, Shuswap, and Chilko lakes but were still highly variable (r super(2) < 51%). Fry data indicated that fry numbers did not increase above escapements of 0.85, 1.5, and 0.51 million to Quesn< el, Shuswap, and Chilko lakes. PR model predictions of S sub(MAX) escapements to Quesnel, Shuswap, and Chilko lakes of 1.06, 1.85, and 0.62 million were similar to escapements that first produced maximum observed fry numbers. While fry models provide a direct estimate of rearing capacity, many years of data are required to generate a relationship for any lake. The PR model appears to be a useful predictor of rearing capacity and predictions can be made after 1-2 years.›Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0003544133; AccNum: 3988701; ISSN: 0706-652X; Peer Reviewed: trueHume,JMB15791318; 3988701;http://search.proquest.com/docview/15791318?accountid=14601 Jackson,TedClearcutting Canada's Forests Alternativesclearcutting;environment;economics;forest;constraints;forest biomass;forestry;Cree-ojibway;aboriginal;aboriginals;first nations;nazko-kluskus band;nazko-kluskus;Quesnel;logging;logging operations;forest industry;public;native groups;native group;timber harvest;environmental impactsThe Cree-ojibway people of Northern Ontario and the nazko-kluskus band near quesnel, British Columbia, are fighting large-scale logging operations that have been proposed for their homelands. Both struggles have been marked by reluctance on the part of the forest industry and the government to engage the public in discussion about the proposals. Yet research conducted by the two native groups indicates that in both regions the planned timber harvests carry with them disastrous environmental and social implications.‰Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: 752c20b6-901f-47f3-b011csamfg301; AccNum: 10355939'The Boulevard Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB14081892; 10355939;http://search.proquest.com/docview/14081892?accountid=14601Jamieson,Scott@Coping with the Green Revolution: Pollution Control in the 1990sPulp and Paper Canpaper pulp mills;recycled paper;public relations;pollution control;green revolution;pulp mill effluents;environment;industrial waste;financing;air pollution control;waste reduction;pollution;waste;pulp and paper;mills;pulp and paper mills;pulp and paper industry;mill effluent;recyclingéPublic pressure to reduce both waste and pollutants has been directed at the pulp and paper industry in Canada and has been followed by increasingly strict regulation. The industrial response has been to increase efforts in three areas: mill effluents, air pollution, and de-inking/recyling processes. Specific projects at Boise Cascade, Quesnel, Mackenzie, and Whitby illustrate these efforts. Nevertheless, the industry still has a poor public image with respect to environmental issues.‰Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: 16883bf4-7b13-4948-9b0fcsamfg301; AccNum: 1044636514273486; 10446365;http://search.proquest.com/docview/14273486?accountid=14601Kozak,Robert;Hartridge,ChrisOShared Facilities: A Model for Forest-Dependent Communities in British ColumbiaForestry Chronicle For.Chron.²Environment;economics;forest;Quesnel;Wood Enterprise Centre Shared Manufacturing Facility;Wood Enterprise;forestry;forestry industry;shared use;sharing;jobs;economy;manufacturingThe Wood Enterprise Centre Shared Manufacturing Facility (Quesnel, British Columbia) was opened in 1999 to provide new economic stimulation in this North Cariboo forest-dependent community. The Centre allows young companies to share in the high technology equipment without bearing the prohibitive capital costs. Thus far, the Centre has developed eighteen new jobs for the region. This evaluation of the Centre considers models for shared use, and the application of exploratory research to developing the Centre. Other shared-use manufacturing facilities, business incubators and multi-tenant facilities, and cooperatives are identified. The facilities, structure, management, funding, layout and equipment, services and training, and community relations of the Centre are described.¯Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: 2389a8f6-a191-40e6-83c3csamfg301; AccNum: 10584597; ISSN: 0015-7546; Peer Reviewed: trueJCanadian Institute of Forestry, 151 Slater St., Ste. 606 Ottawa ON K1P 5H3 Kozak,Robert0015-7546, 0015-754614531691; 10584597;http://search.proquest.com/docview/14531691?accountid=14601|Krummel,Eva M.;Scheer,Michael;Gregory-Eaves,Irene;Macdonald,Robie W.;Kimpe,Lynda E.;Smol,John P.;Finney,Bruce;Blais,Jules M.XHistorical analysis of salmon-derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in lake sediments Science of the Total EnvironmentSci.Total Environ.ÎEnvironment;salmon;biomagnification;contaminants;salmon-driven;contaminant loading;sediment cores;sediment;sediments;sockeye;sockeye salmon;spawers;spawning;spawner;paleolimnological;limnology;contaminationÿSeveral recent studies have highlighted the importance of salmon as a means to deliver biomagnifying contaminants to nursery lakes. There is a lack of studies, however, which demonstrate empirically how this source has varied through time. This is of great significance because past salmon-derived contaminant loading was potentially greater than it is today. By analyzing radiometrically dated sediment cores collected from ten lakes in Alaska and British Columbia (B.C.), we relate historical numbers of sockeye salmon spawners to *SPCB concentrations and *d15N values (a paleolimnological proxy for past salmon-derived nitrogen) in the sediments. The results confirm that sockeye salmon have provided an important route for PCBs to enter the lakes in the past, a finding that is especially evident when the data of all lakes are pooled. Significant relationships between sockeye salmon numbers and *d15N, as well as *SPCB concentrations and *d15N in sediments, were also found. However, it is difficult to establish relationships between salmon numbers, *SPCBs and *d15N in individual lakes. This may be due to a number of factors which may influence contaminant loadings to the lakes. The factors include: a) changing salmon contaminant loads over time resulting from a lag in the upper ocean reservoir and/or changing salmon feeding locations; b) greater importance of atmospheric transport in lakes with relatively low salmon returns; and c) increased PCB scavenging due to higher algae productivity in the lakes in recent years.ÓSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-OH-0006680511; AccNum: 200904-30-0057682 (CE); DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.028; ISSN: 0048-9697; Peer Reviewed: trueKrummel,Eva M. 0048-9697!292065510; 200904-30-0057682 (CE)<http://search.proquest.com/docview/292065510?accountid=146011http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.028 Kumar,AmitkA Conceptual Comparison of Bioenergy Options for Using Mountain Pine Beetle Infested Wood in Western CanadaBioresource technologyBioresour.Technol.feedstocks;biofuel;cost benefit analysis;fuel;grain;environment;pine beetle;pine beetles;harvesting;harvesting techniques;mountain pine beetle;mountain pine beetles;beetle infesting pine;wood;beetle infested pine wood;beetle infested wood;bio-ethanol;MPB;biooil;energy production;energyCost of biofuels production from harvesting and transporting a portion of the beetle infested pine wood to a dedicated conversion plant for a period of 20 years is estimated. A demonstration plant with the support of government can be considered for bio-ethanol production based on mountain pine beetle (MPB) killed wood in near future. The cost of bio-ethanol production from a plant using 2100 dry tonne of MPB infested pine wood per day is in the range of $0.37-$0.40/l and is competitive to the grain based alcohol. The calculated cost of electricity production from biooil plant based on MPB infested wood using gas turbine generator system is above $100 per MWh at a delivered feedstock cost of about $75/dry tonne for Quesnel and West Road/Nazko River locations.¯Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: d0870e83-62d9-4e78-8caccsamfg< 301; AccNum: 10744152; ISSN: 0960-8524; Peer Reviewed: true9Elsevier Science, The Boulevard Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB0960-8524, 0960-852414879729; 10744152;http://search.proquest.com/docview/14879729?accountid=14601(Kumar,Amit;Flynn,Peter;Sokhansanj,ShahabwBiopower generation from mountain pine infested wood in Canada: An economical opportunity for greenhouse gas mitigationRenewable EnergyTrees;tree;Sustainable Development;Steam;Forests;forest;Pulp;Mountains;mitigation;Transportation;Carbon;Economics;Fluidized beds;Power plants;fire hazards;Forestry;Pollution;Entomology;Sustainability;Emissions trading;air pollution;roadsides;Lumber industry;Wood;Biomass;Combustion;Infestation;Renewable energy;harvesting;Greenhouse gases;Carbon dioxide;Technology;mountain pine beetle;pine beetle;carbon neutral;greenhouse gas;MPB;dead wood;harvest;carbon emissions;dead trees;economy;pulp and lumber industry;pulp and paper;power plant@Biomass is considered carbon neutral, and displacement of fossil fuel- based power by biomass-based power is one means to mitigate greenhouse gases. Large forest areas in British Columbia (BC), Canada, are infested by the mountain pine beetle (MPB). Dead wood from the infestation is expected to vastly exceed the ability of the pulp and lumber industry to utilize it; current estimates are that 200-600 million m super(3) of wood will remain unharvested over the next 20 years. Regions where the damaged wood is not harvested will experience loss of jobs in the forestry sector, increased risk of forest fire hazard, carbon emissions from burned or decaying wood, and uncertainty about timing of replanting since this usually occurs at harvest. This paper reports the results of a detailed preliminary techno-economic analysis of producing power from MPB killed wood. Power plant size and location are critical factors affecting overall power cost. Overall cost of power rises steeply at sizes below 300 MW net power output. By locating the power plant in an area of high infestation, transportation distances can be minimized. A 300 MW power plant would consume 64 million m super(3) of wood over a 20-year lifetime, and hence is a significant sink for otherwise unharvestable wood. Cost estimates are based on harvesting of whole dead trees with roadside chipping and transport to a central power plant located in either the Nazko or Quesnel regions of BC. A circulating fluidized bed boiler with a conventional steam cycle is a currently available technology demonstrated at 240 MW in Finland. The estimated power cost is $68 to $74 per MWh, which is competitive with other "green power" values in BC. Given recent values of export power in the Pacific Northwest, a 300 MW MPB power plant is viable with a carbon credit below $15 per tons of CO sub(2).¾Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0008918655; AccNum: 8753678; DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.008; ISSN: 0960-1481; Peer Reviewed: true‡Elsevier Science, The Boulevard Langford Lane Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB UK, [mailto:nlinfo-f@elsevier.nl], [URL:http://www.elsevier.nl]0960-1481, 0960-148119716964; 8753678;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19716964?accountid=14601.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.008{Laval,Bernard E.;Morrison,John;Potts,Dan J.;Carmack,Eddy C.;Vagle,Svein;James,Christina;McLaughlin,Fiona A.;Foreman,Michael•Wind-driven summertime upwelling in a Fjord-type Lake and its impact on downstream river conditions: Quesnel Lake and River, British Columbia, CanadaJournal of Great Lakes ResearchJ.Great Lakes Res.|model;models;multi-basin;fjord;lake;wind;cooling;warming;Quesnel Lake;Quesnel River;upwelling;upwellings;stratified;stratification;stratified season;isotherm;isotherms;wind events;seiche;seiche period;Wedderburn;water flux;water fluxes;limnology;exchange flow;epilimnetic;hypolimnion;residence time;stratified period;upwelling episode;thermal habitat;thermal;salmon habitat;salmonþObservations and modeling results are presented to explore the response of a multi-basin, fjord-type lake to episodic wind forcing. Field observations show that abrupt cooling and warming events (magnitude greater than 5°C d-1) lasting 3⬠ 6 days in a large, salmon-bearing river (Quesnel River) are due to upwelling in its upstream lake (Quesnel Lake) during the summer, stratified season. Within the lake, vertical displacement of isotherms in the vicinity of the river mouth associated with this upwelling is shown to be forced by wind events longer than one quarter of the fundamental seiche period and of sufficient magnitude that the Wedderburn number approaches one. Upwelling occurs nearly-simultaneously throughout a smaller basin adjacent to the outflow (West Basin) that is separated from the Main Basin of Quesnel Lake by a sill and contraction. Wind-driven water fluxes across the sill are estimated using a conceptual model based on volume and heat budgets. These estimates provide an upper bound for flow across the sill and suggest that exchange flow may at times be internally hydraulically controlled, with epilimnetic velocities of up to ~25 cm/s. Computed fluxes suggest the West Basin hypolimnion has a residence time of 6⬠ 8 weeks during the summer stratified period with each upwelling episode irreversibly exchanging 25⬠ 30% of the hypolimnetic volume with the rest of the lake. Implications of such events are profound for salmon bearing rivers wherein the thermal habitat is critical to migration success.%PT: J; TC: 4; UT: WOS:000255209400015 0380-1330-10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[189:WSUIAF]2.0.CO;2{Laval,Bernard E.;Vagle,Svein;Potts,Daniel;Morrison,John;Sentlinger,Gabriel;James,Christina;McLaughlin,Fiona;Carmack,Eddy C.hThe joint effects of riverine, thermal, and wind forcing on a temperate fjord lake: Quesnel Lake, CanadaSEP2physical limnology;limnology;fjord lake;lake;thermobaric instability;thermal stratification;seasonal overturn;remote sensing;deep-water renewal;environmental sciences;ecology;freshwater biology;atmospheric forcing;riverine forcing;thermal history;Quesnel Lake;surface heat exchange;river inputs;wind;heat budget;radiative flux;radiative fluxes;riverine input;residence time;lake circulation patter;circulation pattern;salinity;correlation diagrams;diffusion;convection;gravitational convection;isotherms;isotherm;overturn;lake overturn;water renewal;input;inputs>Field data obtained in 2003-2004 are used to describe the influence of atmospheric and riverine forcing on the thermal history of fjord-type lakes using Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, Canada as an example. Typical of fjord-type lakes, < Quesnel Lake is narrow, long (>100km total thalweg), multi-armed (three arms of comparable size), deep (maximum depth>500m), and has multiple basins separated by sills. The lake's annual thermal history responds to the joint forcing of surface heat exchange, river inputs, and wind stress. The lake's annual heat budget is dominated by surface radiative fluxes, and riverine input of heat is insignificant in this medium residence time lake (10years). Despite being insignificant to the annual heat budget, the three major rivers that feed the three arms of the lake contribute to the overall lake circulation pattern. Since these rivers have differing salinities, it is possible to identify, using temperature/salinity correlation diagrams, patterns of riverine circulation interflowing in the lake. Data from a 1-year thermistor-chain record suggests exchange between surface and intermediate waters occurs twice annually, but deep-waters below 150-250m are mainly renewed during autumn, by strong and episodic atmospheric forcing. This is because wind-forced turbulent diffusion and gravitational convection triggered by wind forced displacement of isotherms (initiating thermobaric instability) are required for full overturn and deep-water renewal. (C) 2012 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.WPT: J; NR: 26; TC: 0; J9: J GREAT LAKES RES; PG: 10; GA: 993LU; UT: WOS:000307862000016ELSEVIER SCI LTDOOXFORD; THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND10.1016/j.jglr.2012.06.007Leith,RMUStreamflow Regionalization in British Columbia, No. 3, Statistics of Mean Annual Flow>Report Series No.50 1977, 40 p, 4 fig, 4 ref, 9 tab, 3 append.water resources;streamflow;runoff;control of water on the surface;annual flow;annual flows;annual precipitation;annual precipitations;stations;statistics;statistically;trend;trends;regional analysis;regionalization;serial correlation;serial correlations;hydrology±Trends and serial correlations have been examined for series of annual flows and annual precipitations for 17 streamflow and 9 precipitation stations in British Columbia. This was undertaken to determine if there were statistically distinct trends in mean annual values which could bias regional analysis. No province-wide statistically distinct trends were found, although mean flows and precipitations were lower in the 1920's, 1930's, and 1940 's than in the 1950 's and 1960's. The maximum deviations of 5, 10, 15 year mean flows from 40 and 50 year mean flows were studied also to provide an indication of the extent to which short term means can differ from long term means. (WATDOC)uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001780061; AccNum: 7804356 Leith,R. M.19195906; 7804356;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19195906?accountid=14601Levings,C. D.;Lauzier,R. B.oExtensive Use of the Fraser River Basin as Winter Habitat by Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)^Canadian Journal of Zoology CJZOAG, Vol.69, No.7, p 1759-1767, July 1991.6 fig, 2 tab, 43 ref.Pfisheries engineering;lakes;water resources;lake;fishery;fisheries;salmon;chinook;chinook salmon;Oncorhynchus nerka;Fraser River;tributaries;low-water channel;winter;stream-type;electrofishing;electrofishing surveys;Thompson River;Quesnel River;Nechako River;density;Spences Bridge;juvenile;juveniles;Diptera;Trichoptera;Plecoptera;fish)Habitat in the low-water channel of the Fraser River (British Columbia) and larger tributaries during winter may be an unappreciated factor influencing production of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in this system. Data from electrofishing surveys showed that shorelines were used by juvenile chinook from river km 110 to km 770. Therefore, almost the entire main stem probably was winter habitat, and major tributaries such as the Thompson, Quesnel, and Nechako Rivers also were used. Estimated chinook density on the mainstem Fraser increased with distance upstream (maximum 0.30 per sq m at km 750 (Prince George)), but the highest density (0.99 per sq m) in the surveys was observed on the Thompson River at Spences Bridge. The mean size of juvenile chinook decreased with distance upstream on the Fraser, ranging from 97 mm at km 110 to 65 mm at km 770. Chinook juveniles were feeding on Diptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera in winter. Some apparent growth was observed in the lower Fraser in early winter. (Author's abstract) 35 099093001uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001902249; AccNum: 9203771 Levings,C. D.19103760; 9203771;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19103760?accountid=14601 Levy,DA;Johnson,R. L.;Hume,J. M.[Shifts in fish vertical distribution in response to an internal seiche in a stratified lakeLimnology and OceanographyLimnol.Oceanogr.freshwater pollution;juveniles;juvenile;fish;lakes;lake;Quesnel Lake;freshwater;pollution;ecology;biological sciences;living resources;temperature;thermocline;environmental effects;seiches;nighttime;Oncorhynchus nerka;vertical distribution;temperature gradients;temperature effects;migrations;migration;rhythm;rhythms;sockeye salmon;sockeye;salmon;nocturnal;nocturnally thermoselective;thermoselective;thermoselection;distribution;vertical position;lake transects;seiche;internal seiche;thermal structure;lake physics;limnologyñJuvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka ) in Quesnel Lake were nocturnally thermoselective and distributed in a narrow vertical band within the thermocline. Differences in vertical position across and between lake transects occurred when an internal seiche was active, as evidenced by a short-term alteration in the thermal structure of the lake. The results provide qualitative evidence for a direct relationship between Quesnel Lake physics and the vertical distribution of juvenile sockeye.›Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004948428; AccNum: 2588223; ISSN: 0024-3590; Peer Reviewed: trueLevy,DA0024-3590, 0024-359016016042; 2588223;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16016042?accountid=14601Lewis,KJVGrowth reduction in spruce infected by Inonotus tomentosus in central British ColumbiaLCanadian Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche ForestiereÞforests;forestry;forest;tree;trees;spruce;spruce trees;root fungus;root rot fungus;fungus;fungi;Inonotus tomentosus;growth;volume growth;annual rings;annual ring;disease;disease severity rating;tree growth;central interiorVolume growth of spruce trees infected by the root rot fungus,Inonotus tomentosus, was measured and compared with volume growth of healthy trees in two spruce-dominated (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea glauca à engelmannii Engelm.) stands in central interior British Columbia. Whole volume, decayed wood volume, and volume increment over 5-year periods were measured by felling and sectioning trees, then digitizing every fifth annual ring. Disease severity was classified according to the number of infected roots on each tree. Decay volumes were significantly (P < 0.05) related to disease severity rating and had a significant impact on net volume. Tree growth was found to decline slowly over time relative to healthy trees, but differences among disease severity clas< ses were only significant for the most recent 10 to 15 years. Larger trees had the greatest chance of being infected, but had the advantage of a more dominant canopy position, which may hide the effects of root disease on growth relative to healthy, and usually smaller, trees.ÒSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-MD-0009465924; AccNum: 11727574; DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-27-10-1669; ISSN: 0045-5067; ElecISSN: 1208-6037; Peer Reviewed: trueNRC Research PressCanada Lewis,K. J. 0045-5067293878077; 11727574<http://search.proquest.com/docview/293878077?accountid=14601)http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-27-10-16697Lilja,J.;Ridley,T.;Cronkite,GMW;Enzenhofer,HJ;Holmes,JA”Optimizing sampling effort within a systematic design for estimating abundant escapement of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in their natal riverFisheries Research (Amsterdam) Fish.Res.˜ecology;rivers;data processing;statistics;temporal variations;anadromous species;stock assessment;Horsefly River;statistical analysis;escapement;biological sciences;living resources;freshwater;imaging;migration;migrations;ecosystem;Oncorhynchus nerka;anadromous migrations;sampling;sockeye salmon;sockeye;salmon;phylogenetics;rhythms;rhythm;DIDSON;imaging sonar;migration data;sampling effort;sampling schemeòThe upstream migration of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Horsefly River was monitored by a DIDSON imaging sonar during the dominant stock-cycle year 2005 using a systematic 20-minh super(-) super(1) sampling scheme. We used a subset of these data collected between 16 and 29 September to investigate whether this sampling protocol was justified based on temporal variation in the salmon migration data. During post-processing, the 20-min sequence was split into two 10-min periods and the number of migrating salmon was counted separately. Cross- and autocorrelation analysis showed that estimates from the first and second 10-min samples were similar (r=0.65) and variation between them (i.e., within the hour) was random, supporting the conclusion that systematic-hourly sampling is a defensible sampling design for acoustic enumeration when temporal variation in fish migration is unknown a priori. Using a simple benefit-cost model (statistical reliability of point estimates of salmon escapement-sampling effort), we recommend a minimum sampling effort of 10-minh super(-) super(1) and a maximum effort of 20-minh super(-) super(1) for projects using a systematic sampling scheme in which the goal is to estimate total upstream salmon escapement. An alternative sampling approach targets high-passage events such as diurnal peaks or periods when total daily upstream escapement exceeds 25000fishd super(-) super(1), for increased sampling effort while reducing sampling effort during low-passage periods. This design will improve the statistical reliability of the resulting point estimates of upstream escapement relative to that achievable with a systematic effort with no overall change in total sampling effort over the course of the migration period.×Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0008217370; AccNum: 8287366; InputCenter: CS0841203; DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2007.10.002; ISSN: 0165-7836; Peer Reviewed: truezElsevier Science, P.O. Box 211 Amsterdam 1000 AE Netherlands, [mailto:nlinfo-f@elsevier.nl], [URL:http://www.elsevier.nl/]Lilja,J.0165-7836, 0165-783620865214; 8287366;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20865214?accountid=14601/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.10.002'Long,Jed;Nelson,Trisalyn;Wulder,MichaelPRegionalization of Landscape Pattern Indices Using Multivariate Cluster Analysis¦environment;ecology;regionalization;multivariate analysis;multivariate cluster analysis;statistics;statistical analysis;multivariate spatial data;spatial;spatial data;landscape;landscape pattern;landscape patterns;landscape pattern indices;landscape patter index;spatial pattern;spatial patterns;composition;configuration;land cover;land cover features;processes;forest pattern;forest harvesting;forest;forests;anthropogenic;anthropogenic activities;topography;spatial pattern region;spatial pattern regions;SPR;Prince George Forest District;Quesnel Forest District;interior plateau;CLARA;CLARA algorithm;GIS;spatial distribution;environmental conditions;conservation;managementÊRegionalization, or the grouping of objects in space, is a useful tool for organizing, visualizing, and synthesizing the information contained in multivariate spatial data. Landscape pattern indices can be used to quantify the spatial pattern (composition and configuration) of land cover features. Observable patterns can be linked to underlying processes affecting the generation of landscape patterns (e.g., forest harvesting). The objective of this research is to develop an approach for investigating the spatial distribution of forest pattern across a study area where forest harvesting, other anthropogenic activities, and topography, are all influencing forest pattern. We generate spatial pattern regions (SPR) that describe forest pattern with a regionalization approach. Analysis is performed using a 2006 land cover dataset covering the Prince George and Quesnel Forest Districts, 5.5 million ha of primarily forested land base situated within the interior plateau of British Columbia, Canada. Multivariate cluster analysis (with the CLARA algorithm) is used to group landscape objects containing forest pattern information into SPR. Of the six generated SPR, the second cluster (SPR2) is the most prevalent covering 22% of the study area. On average, landscapes in SPR2 are comprised of 55.5% forest cover, and contain the highest number of patches, and forest/non-forest joins, indicating highly fragmented landscapes. Regionalization of landscape pattern metrics provides a useful approach for examining the spatial distribution of forest pattern. Where forest patterns are associated with positive or negative environmental conditions, SPR can be used to identify similar regions for conservation or management activities.çSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-c9a0a98f-0abb-4d86-bda6mfgefd107; AccNum: 13750058; DOI: 10.1007/s00267-010-9510-6; ISSN: 0364-152X; ElecISSN: 1432-1009; Peer Reviewed: trueLong,Jed808968500; 13750058<http://search.proquest.com/docview/808968500?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9510-6*MacLean,Brian;de Vegt,Andre;van Driel,ErikRFull-Scale Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment of TMP/BCTMP Effluent at Quesnel River PulpTAPPI Environ Conf, Seattle, WARclarification;biochemical oxgen demand;bod;cod;biodegration;microorganism;paper pulp mills;pulp and paper;pulp and paper mills;mill;anaerobic;anaerobic systems;wastewater;wastewater treatment;biological treatment;anaerobic treatment;aerobic;aerobic systems;pulp mill effluent;effluent;pulp mill effluents;effluents;environment;effluent treatment;thermomechanical;TMP;bleach chemithrermomechanical;BCTMP;CTMP;thermomechnical pulp;bleached chemitermomechanical pulp;bleached CTMP;pulping process;Quesnel River Pulp Co;anaerobic/aerobic treatment;waste;wastes;treatment plant;BOD removal;polishingThe bleached chemithermomechanical pulp/thermomechanicl pulp (BCTMP/TMP) pulping process utilized by Quesnel River Pulp Co in British Columbia, Canada, produces a concentrated, toxic, low-volume wastewater. A pilot-scale study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of using an anaerobic/aerobic treatment process to treat the wastes. On the basis of the success of this study, a full-scale treatment plant was constructed, consisting of primary clarification, followed by anaerobic treatment for energy-efficient BOD removal, and then aerobic treatment for polishing. Each of the treatment steps is described. The combination of good solids removal and the use of treated effluent as dilution water source are a requirement for successul anaerobic/aerobic treatment of TMP/BCTMP wastewater.‰Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: ffe9fc83-1e3e-4a40-ba2< acsamfg301; AccNum: 10455572 MacLean,Brian14279991; 10455572;http://search.proquest.com/docview/14279991?accountid=14601Magnussen,S.;Harrison,D.XTemporal change in wood quality attributes in standing dead beetle-killed lodgepole pineâBurns Lake;lake;lakes;forests;forestry;forest;trees;tree;rot;entomology;sampling;maps;soil moisture;wood moisture content;wood moisture;blue-stain;decay;stem analysis;beetle-killed;mountain pine beetle;pine beetle;MPB;lodgepole pine;pine;pines;lodgepole pines;Quesnel;Vanderhoof;soil moisture regime;soil moisture regimes;tree ring analysis;tree ring;annual ring;annual rings;tree rings;insect;disease;survey map;local knowledge;sapwood;heartwood;fibre saturation point;wood quality=The number and size of checks, wood moisture content, extent of blue-stain, rot and decay was examined by stem analysis in 360 mature standing beetle-killed lodgepole pines. Trees came from three areas (Burns Lake, Quesnel, and Vander-hoof) in Central British Columbia. Each area was represented by 14 to 16 sampling areas (stands) distributed evenly across three soil moisture regimes (dry, mesic, wet). Year of death was estimated from tree ring-analysis, local knowledge and insect and disease survey maps. An approximately equal number of trees had been dead for one or two years, three or four years, or for five or more years. During the first five years since death by beetle attack the number of checks per tree increased from 2.5 to 10.2 and the average depth of checks increased from 4.3 cm to 5.1 cm. Checks were deeper, wider, and longer on the drier sites than on mesic and wet sites. Moisture content of sapwood and heartwood was near the fibre saturation point (ca 30%) one year after death and continued to decrease at a rate of approximately 1.7% per year. Both the incidence and the extent (relative to basal area) of rot and decay increased significantly with time since death. All trees had an extensive blue-stain discoloration. Deterioration of wood quality was fastest during the first two years after a beetle attack.žSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-MD-0008312655; AccNum: 8352704; ISSN: 0015-7546; Peer Reviewed: trueCanadian Institute of Forestry Magnussen,S. 0015-7546290127546; 8352704<http://search.proquest.com/docview/290127546?accountid=14601$Mahmoudi,M.;Sowlati,T.;Sokhansanj,S.oLogistics of supplying biomass from a mountain pine beetle-infested forest to a power plant in British Columbia'Scandinavian Journal of Forest ResearchScand.J.For.Res.energy;feasibility;residues;sustainable development;roadsides;carcinoembryonic antigen;lumber industry;simulation;forests;forest;forestry;wood;biomass;energy sources;mountain pine beetle;pine beetle;MPB;forest biomass;infestation;sensitivity analysis;harvesting;power plants;entomology;sustainability;environment;urban areas;alternative energy sources;dead wood;feedstock;bioenergy;cost analysis;supply logistics;simulation model;model;MPB-killed;Quesnel timber supply area;Quesnel TSA;power plant;Quesnel;moisture content;woodchipsþThe search for alternative energy sources has increased the interest in forest biomass. During the past few years, the severe infestation of the mountain pine beetle (MPB) within the forests of interior British Columbia (BC) has led to huge volumes of dead wood that exceed the capacity of the lumber industry. One way to make the most value of the surplus wood is to use it as the feedstock for bioenergy. The high costs associated with harvest and transport, and uncertainty in supply logistics are issues related to forest biomass utilization. This paper presents the development of a forest biomass supply logistics simulation model and its application to a case of supplying MPB-killed biomass from Quesnel timber supply area (one of the most infested areas in the interior BC) to a potential 300 MW power plant adjacent to the city of Quesnel. It provides values of quantity, cost and moisture content of biomass which are important factors in feasibility study of bioenergy projects. In the case of a conventional harvesting system, the biomass recovered from roadside residues in 1 year will meet only about 30% of the annual demand of the power plant with an estimated delivered cost of Can $45 per oven-dry tonne of woodchips. Sensitivity analyses were also performed.»Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0009528960; AccNum: 9206665; DOI: 10.1080/02827580802660397; ISSN: 0282-7581; Peer Reviewed: true Mahmoudi,M.0282-7581, 0282-758120522347; 9206665;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20522347?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580802660397žMARTINS,EDUARDO G.;HINCH,SCOTT G.;PATTERSON,DAVID A.;HAGUE,MERRAN J.;COOKE,STEVEN J.;MILLER,KRISTINA M.;LAPOINTE,MICHAEL F.;ENGLISH,KARL K.;FARRELL,ANTHONY P.Effects of river temperature and climate warming on stock-specific survival of adult migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biol.?ecology;Fraser River;water temperature;water temperatures;river temperature;river temperatures;spawning;migrations;spawning migrations;sockeye salmon;sockeye;salmon;Oncorhynchus nerka;mortality events;climate warming;warming;natal stocks;long-term viability;summer;freshwater;thermal;survival;capture-recapture;capture-recapture models;models;telemetry;salmon stock-aggregates;Chilko;Quesnel;Stellako-Late Stuart;Adams;warm temperatures;survival-temperature relationships;survival-temperature relationship;predictions;simulation;fish;management;conservation;fishery;fisheriesßMean summer water temperatures in the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) have increased by âƼ1.5 °C since the 1950s. In recent years, record high river temperatures during spawning migrations of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been associated with high mortality events, raising concerns about long-term viability of the numerous natal stocks faced with climate warming. In this study, the effect of freshwater thermal experience on spawning migration survival was estimated by fitting capture⬠ recapture models to telemetry data collected for 1474 adults (captured in either the ocean or river between 2002 and 2007) from four Fraser River sockeye salmon stock-aggregates (Chilko, Quesnel, Stellako-Late Stuart and Adams). Survival of Adams sockeye salmon was the most impacted by warm temperatures encountered in the lower river, followed by that of Stellako-Late Stuart and Quesnel. In contrast, survival of Chilko fish was insensitive to the encountered river temperature. In all stocks, in-river survival of ocean-captured sockeye salmon was higher than that of river-captured fish and, generally, the difference was more pronounced under warm temperatures. The survival⬠ temperature relationships for ocean-captured fish wer< e used to predict historic (1961⬠ 1990) and future (2010⬠ 2099) survival under simulated lower river thermal experiences for the Quesnel, Stellako-Late Stuart and Adams stocks. A decrease of 9⬠ 16% in survival of all these stocks was predicted by the end of the century if the Fraser River continues to warm as expected. However, the decrease in future survival of Adams sockeye salmon would occur only if fish continue to enter the river abnormally early, towards warmer periods of the summer, as they have done since 1995. The survival estimates and predictions presented here are likely optimistic and emphasize the need to consider stock-specific responses to temperature and climate warming into fisheries management and conservation strategies.îSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-7d3e3f35-174f-4e4f-8277csaobj201; AccNum: 14193614; DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02241.x; ISSN: 1354-1013; ElecISSN: 1365-2486; Peer Reviewed: trueWiley-BlackwellMartins,Eduardo G. 1354-1013852203319; 14193614<http://search.proquest.com/docview/852203319?accountid=146012http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02241.x5Melling,D. R.;Watkinson,D. H.;Fox,P. E.;Cameron,R. S.|Carbonatization and Propylitic Alteration of Fragmental Basaltic Rocks, Quesnel River Gold Deposit, Central British-ColumbiaMineralium DepositaMiner.DepositaS115S124‘Quesnel River;gold;gold deposit;Takla Group;volcanic rock;volcanic rocks;geology;rocks;rock;Upper Triassic;alkalic stock;assemblage;epidote;chlorite;tremolite;calcite;quartz;pyrite;chalcopyrite;pyrrhotite;sphalerite;marcasite;galena;arsenopyrite;West Zone;sulfide body;basalt;basaltic rock;basaltic rocks;Main Zone;gold grade;grade;grades;carbonization;propylitization;epigenetic;precipitation;sulfide÷The Quesnel River gold deposit (1.2 million tonnes grading 5.22 g/t Au in three separate zones) occurs within Takla Group volcanic rocks of Upper Triassic age proximal to an alkalic stock. The deposit occurs in amphibole-augite phyric, fragmental, basaltic rocks. Alteration has produced an assemblage of epidote-chlorite-tremolite-calcite-quartz with lesser pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, marcasite, galena, arsenopyrite and gold. The West Zone comprises a tabular, conformable sulfide body underlain by bedded, variably altered fragmental basaltic rocks and overlain by siltstone and argillite. In the Main Zone, highest gold grades occur adjacent to a sharp discordant alteration front with barren, strongly carbonatized, pyritic basaltic lapilli-tuff. It is overlain by siltstone and argillite and bounded to the east and a depth by a west dipping reverse fault. To the west the auriferous, propylitically altered, rocks grade laterally into lower grade and barren basaltic rocks. Oxygen (delta-O-18 = +9 to +15) and carbon (delta-O-13 = -14 to -7) isotopic signatures of calcite from carbonate-altered and propylitically altered rocks are similar. However, sulfur isotopic values for pyrite are different, with gold-associated pyrite (delta-S-34 = -7 to -3) distinct from pyrite in carbonate altered rocks with (delta-S-34 = +8 to +13). The carbonization occurred before complete induration of the basaltic fragmental rocks, whereas propylitization and gold plus sulfide precipitation is clearly epigenetic.,PT: J; SU: S; TC: 0; UT: WOS:A1990ET84200017 0026-459810.1007/BF00205258.Mobini,Mahdi;Sowlati,Taraneh;Sokhansanj,Shahab^Forest biomass supply logistics for a power plant using the discrete-event simulation approachApplied Energy Appl.Energyzenergy;forest biomass;sustainable development;sustainability;emissions;power plants;simulation;carbon dioxide;biomass;environment;logistics;supply logistics;power plant;supply logistics system;simulation model;framework;Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics;IBSAL;cost analysis;equilibrium moisture content;carbon emissions;logistics operations;Quesnel;biomass demandBThis study investigates the logistics of supplying forest biomass to a potential power plant. Due to the complexities in such a supply logistics system, a simulation model based on the framework of Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics (IBSAL) is developed in this study to evaluate the cost of delivered forest biomass, the equilibrium moisture content, and carbon emissions from the logistics operations. The model is applied to a proposed case of 300 MW power plant in Quesnel, BC, Canada. The results show that the biomass demand of the power plant would not be met every year. The weighted average cost of delivered biomass to the gate of the power plant is about C$ 90 per dry tonne. Estimates of equilibrium moisture content of delivered biomass and CO sub(2) emissions resulted from the processes are also provided.ÔSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: 9db8af35-5a8e-48db-b848csamfg201; AccNum: 14184295; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.10.016; ISSN: 0306-2619; Peer Reviewed: true<Elsevier Science, The Boulevard Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB UK Mobini,Mahdi0306-2619, 0306-2619855715767; 14184295<http://search.proquest.com/docview/855715767?accountid=146010http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.10.016Montgomery,John R.;Ross,John V.FA note on the Quesnel Lake Gneiss, Caribou Mountains, British ColumbiaCan.J.Earth Sci.07/01; 2013/05Quesnel Lake;gneiss;metasedimentary rock;rock;rocks;geology;Snowshoe group;Omineca Belt;deformation;Late Devonian;Early Mississippian;synkinematic metamorphism;petrochemistry;petrochemical analysis;structural studies;late Paleozoic;igneous intrusion;North American cratonŽThe Quesnel Lake Gneiss is one of several large bodies of gneiss emplaced into the westemmost exposurs of the Hadrynian to Paleozoic(?) metasedimentary rocks of the Snowshoe Group in the Omineca Belt, central British Columbia. The gneiss has a deformational history comparable to that of its enveloping rocks, and isotope studies indicate that its age of emplacement is Late Devonian to Early Mississippian and that its age of synkinematic metamorphism is mid-Jurassic. From petrochemical analyses and structural studies, we interpret the gneiss as being a late Paleozoic igneous intrusion into the probable western margin of the North American craton. 2doi: 10.1139/e89-128; M3: doi: 10.1139/e89-128; 22!http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-12810.1139/e89-128Mustoe,George E.VDiatomaceous origin of siliceous shale in Eocene lake beds of central British ColumbiaLCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de la Terre"Can.J.Earth Sci./Rev.Can.Sci.Terre 241 (2005)·microbiology;algology;mycology;protozoology;non-living resources;water resources;x-ray diffraction;diatomites;lakes;geochemistry;bacillariophyceae;diatoms;ecology;lake beds;sediments;silica;shales;neogene;sedimentary rocks;lacustrine sedimentation;diffraction;major elements;fossil diatoms;evolution;lacustrine sediments;paleogene;siliceous shales;eocene;lacustrine diatomite;diagenetic alteration;biogenic;remineralization;geologic record™The abundance of diatoms in Neogene lacustrine sediments and their apparent scarcity in Paleogene deposits have long perplexed geoscientists, but siliceous shales from Eocene lake beds of central British Columbia provide new insights. Major element geochemistry, X-ray diffraction patterns, and relict diatom frustules suggest < that Eocene beds at Horsefly, McAbee, and Princeton originated as lacustrine diatomite that underwent diagenetic alteration to produce siliceous shale. The combination of high SiO sub(2) and low Al sub(2)O sub(3) values and the presence of opal-CT X-ray diffraction peaks provide a distinctive geochemical fingerprint for biogenic silica deposits that have been remineralized. The discovery of diatomaceous geochemical signatures in siliceous shales may prove to be a useful tool for extending the geologic record of diatoms, perhaps helping to reduce the apparent discrepancy between fossil evidence and evolutionary interpretations based extant species.Original Abstract: Labondance de diatomees dans les sediments lacustres du Neogene et leur apparente rarete dans les depots du Paleogene ont longtemps intrigue les geoscientifiques mais les schistes siliceux des fonds de lac eocenes du centre de la Colombie-Britannique fournissent de nouveaux points de vue. la geochimie des elements majeurs, les patrons de diffraction aux rayons X et les frustules reliques de diatomees suggerent que lorigine des lits eocenes a Horsefly, McAbee et Princeton soit une diatomite lacustre qui a subi une alteration diagenetique pour produire un schiste siliceux. la combinaison de valeurs elevees de SiO sub(2) et de faibles valeurs de Al sub(2)O sub(3) ainsi que la presence de sommets de diffraction aux rayons X de lopale-CT fournissent une empreinte geochimique distincte pour les depots de silice biogenique qui ont ete remineralises. la decouverte de signatures geochimiques de diatomees dans les schistes siliceux pourrait etre un outil utile pour etendre les donnees geologiques des diatomees, aidant peut-etre a reduire la difference apparente entre les evidences fossiliferes et les interpretations evolutionnaires basees sur des especes existantes.[Traduit par la Redaction]ÞSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0007626595; AccNum: 7831570; InputCenter: CS0825240; DOI: 10.1139/e04-099; ISSN: 0008-4077; ElecISSN: 1480-3313; Peer Reviewed: truemNRC Research Press, [mailto:research.journals@nrc.ca], [URL:http://www.nrc.ca/cisti/journals/rp2_home_e.html]0008-4077, 0008-407720997828; 7831570;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20997828?accountid=14601!http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-099Nelson,Andrew D.;Church,MichaelMPlacer mining along the Fraser River, British Columbia: The geomorphic impact&Geological Society of America Bulletin JUL-AUG 2012Ngeomorphic impact;placer mining;placer mine;Fraser River;sediment;excavated sediment;excavation;geology;mining;transport;river;waste;waste sediment;morphodynamics;mine;mines;tailings;discharge;maximum loading;downstream movement;sediment migration;delivery;placer waste;aggradation;geomorphology;geomorphological processes;distrubanceÇWe investigate the geomorphic impact of nineteenth century placer mining along the Fraser River, British Columbia, by estimating the volume and grain-size distribution of excavated sediment, evaluating the transport potential for the sediment in the river, and discussing the relation between placer waste sediment and observed morphodynamics of the Fraser River channel. Volume-by-area regression relations applied to 456 mapped mines estimate the total volume of material excavated to be similar to 58 x 10(6) m(3) (bulk volume). Sampling of mine scarp and mine lag sediments indicates that the discharged tailings consisted of 54% sand and finer material and 46% gravel and small cobbles. Modern observation and historical narratives indicate that the channel of the Fraser between Quesnel and Laidlaw has been generally stable following placer mining. Application of a sediment transport function indicates that the river is capable of moving annually an amount of sediment comparable to the maximum loading from placer mining. By applying established relations between channel scale and sediment virtual velocity, we estimate the rate of downstream movement of the placer-waste slug to be between 1 and 6 km yr(-1). The predicted rates of sediment migration indicate that peak delivery of placer waste to the lower river below Laidlaw likely occurred early in the twentieth century. This predicted behavior agrees well with observed aggradation on the lower river. The result emphasizes the importance of historical legacy in the appraisal of recent geomorphological processes and shows that widespread small-scale disturbance has affected the Fraser River, with the effect concentrated where the gradient of the river is reduced.%PT: J; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000305872400012 0016-760610.1130/B30575.1+Niquidet,Kurt;Stennes,Brad;van Kooten,G. C.PBioenergy from Mountain Pine Beetle Timber and Forest Residuals: A Cost Analysis*Canadian Journal of Agricultural EconomicsCan.J.Agric.Econ.Rforest biomass;biomass energy;mountain pine beetle;cost analysis;power plants;plant life spans;feedstock;Quesnel;pine;trees;tree;interior forests;pine beetle;MPB;energy source;energy;feasibility;mathematical programming;mathematical programming model;model;models;fiber flows;fibre flows;Quesnel Timber Supply Area;Quesnel TSA;power plant  In light of the large volumes of pine killed in the interior forests of British Columbia (BC) by the mountain pine beetle, many forest sector participants are keen to employ forest biomass as an energy source. To assess the feasibility of a wood biomass-fired power plant in the BC interior, it is necessary to know both how much physical biomass might be available over the life of a plant and its location as transportation cost is likely to be a major operating cost for any facility. To address these issues, we construct a mathematical programming model of fiber flows in the Quesnel Timber Supply Area of BC over a 25-year time horizon. The focus of the model is on minimizing the cost of supplying feedstock through space and time. Results indicate that over the life of the project, feedstock costs will more than double, increasing from $54.60/bone-dry tonnes (BDt) ($0.039/kWh) to $116.14/BDt ($0.083/kWh). En raison de l'important volume de pins dévastés par le dendroctone du pin ponderosa dans les forêts de l'intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique (BC), de nombreux participants du secteur forestier sont désireux d'utiliser la biomasse forestière comme source d'énergie. Pour évaluer la faisabilité d'une centrale alimentée à la biomasse ligneuse à l'intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique, il faut connaître la quantité de biomasse disponible pendant la durée de vie de la centrale ainsi que l'emplacement de cette biomasse étant donné que les coûts de transport risquent de représenter des coûts d'exploitation importants pour n'importe quelle installation. Afin d'examiner ces aspects, nous avons élaboré un modèle de programmation mathématique de l'approvisionnement en matière ligneuse dans la zone d'approvisionnement forestier de Quesnel en Colombie-Britannique, sur un horizon de 25 ans. Le modèle visait principalement à réduire le coût liéà l'approvisionnement en matière première à travers l'espace et le temps. D'après nos résultats, les coûts de la matière première feront plus que doubler au cours de la durée du projet, passant de 54,60 $/tonne anhydre (t.a.) (0,039 $/kWh) à 116,14 $/t.a. (0,083 $/kWh). ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)jhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=75164670&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site 10.1111/j.1744-7976.2012.01246.xOwens,Philip N.‹Adaptive management frameworks for natural resource management at the landscape scale: implications and applications for sediment re< sourcesJournal of Soils and Sediments@characteristics;behavior;behaviour;fate;sediment pollution;sediment chemistry;sediment;sediments;resource management;freshwater pollution;landscape;socioeconomics;river basins;freshwater;natural resources management;pollution;environment;aquatic pollution;environmental quality;soil;spatial distribution;adaptive management;water management;renewable resources;terrestrial;human factors;river basin management;legislation;natural resources;biphysical;environmental systems;human behaviour;decision-making;sediment resources;review;sediment quality;sediment resource management*Purpose: The management of natural resources over large spatial scales is inherently complex due to numerous biophysical and socioeconomic factors and the uncertainty associated with environmental systems and human behavior. Numerous approaches have been put forward to facilitate the decision-making process, including adaptive management (AM) which was developed in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative to more rigid management frameworks. In recent years, it has been utilized for the management of water and river basin resources, particularly in North America. Its use for sediment resources is less well developed. This paper presents a review of the AM approach, including its characteristics, steps, and barriers to implementation. It also gives some recent examples where the AM approach has been used for sediment quantity and quality issues. Finally, it considers the potential of the AM approach for sediment resource management given Water Framework Directive and other legislative requirements. Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives: It is felt that while the AM approach offers many advantages, there are some institutional barriers to its wider uptake amongst those involved with the management of sediment resources. Some recommendations for implementation and for future research are presented.éSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0011197911; AccNum: 11905569; InputCenter: CS1011361; DOI: 10.1007/s11368-009-0137-2; ISSN: 1439-0108; ElecISSN: 1614-7480; Peer Reviewed: true]Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Strasse 1 Landsberg D-86899 Germany1439-0108, 1439-010821327423; 11905569;http://search.proquest.com/docview/21327423?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0137-22Patrick T Moss;David R Greenwood;S Bruce ArchibaldˆRegional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia - Washington State) from palynology1gearth sciences;Palynoflora;Palynofloras;Eocene;Okanagan Highlands;vegetation;landscape;reconstruct;reconstruction;vegetation recontruction;palynological analysis;sediments;Washington;Princeton region;formation;Horsefly;taxa;lacustrine;paludal;depositional environments;mesotherm conditions;climatic limits;thermophilic;flora;megaflora;climatic;edaphic;historyPalynofloras from the middle Early to early Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands (northern Washington State and southern British Columbia) are used to reconstruct vegetation across a broad upland Eocene landscape. In this preliminary report, forest floristic composition is reconstructed using palynological analysis of sediments from Republic, Washington; localities of the Allenby Formation in the Princeton region (Hospital Hill, One Mile Creek and Summers Creek Road), Hat Creek, McAbee, Falkland, Horsefly, and Driftwood Canyon, British Columbia. Wind-dispersed taxa were dominant in all samples, consistent with floras preserved in lacustrine and paludal depositional environments. Pseudolarix was dominant in five of the floras, but Abies (Falkland) or Ulmus (Republic Corner Lot site) were dominant in individual samples for some floras. Betulaceae were dominant for McAbee (Alnus) and Allenby Formation (Betula), matching megafloral data for these sites. Some taxa common to most sites suggest cool conditions (e.g., Abies, other Pinaceae; Alnus, other Betulaceae). However, all floras contained a substantive broad-leaved deciduous element (e.g., Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) and conifers (e.g., Metasequoia) indicative of mesothermal conditions. Palms were only abundant in the Hat Creek coal flora, with very low counts recorded for the Falkland, McAbee, and Allenby Formation sites, suggesting that they were rare in much of the landscape and likely restricted to specialized habitats. Thermophilic (principally mesothermal) taxa, including palms (five sites) and "taxodiaceous" conifers, may have occurred at their climatic limits. The limiting factor controlling the regional distribution of thermophilic flora, which include primarily wetlands taxa, may be either climatic or edaphic. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; Copyright: Copyright National Research Council of Canada Feb 2005; DOCID: 832086521; PCID: 15287581; PMID: 36140; CODEN: CJESAP; ProvJournalCode: CJES; PublisherXID: INODCJES0001773994<http://search.proquest.com/docview/218864557?accountid=14601BPatriquin,Mike N.;Lantz,Van A.;Stedman,Richard C.;White,William A.lWorking together: a reciprocal wood flow arrangement to mitigate the economic impacts of natural disturbanceForestryzmountain pine beetle;MPB;forestry;forest;forests;lodgepole pine;pine;mitigation;strategy;impacts;impact;regional economy;regional economic impacts;economy;timber;timber supply;infestation;infested;infest;entymology;reciprocal wood flow;Quesnel Timber Supply Area;TSA;Williams Lake;100 Mile House;Timber Supply Area;beetle pressure;equilibrium model;economic indicators;scenariosƒThis study investigates the regional economic impacts resulting from the current mountain pine beetle infestation in British Columbia, Canada, and proposes a mitigation strategy to reduce the negative impacts. The strategy consists of reducing the abrupt timber supply changes in an infested region through a reciprocal wood flow arrangement with an adjacent region less affected by the beetle. Two study areas facing different levels of beetle pressure are investigated: the Quesnel Timber Supply Area (high beetle pressure) and the combined Williams Lake/100 Mile House Timber Supply Area (low beetle pressure). A computable general equilibrium model is constructed for each region and is used to simulate the sensitivity of a suite of economic indicators to various timber supply scenarios for both regions. The results indicate that the negative economic impacts attributed to beetle damage could be reduced under a reciprocal wood flow agreement between the two regions. The degree to which the impacts are reduced in each region depends largely on assumptions about forest regeneration and growth and the terms of the reciprocal wood flow agreement.%PT: J; TC: 4; UT: WOS:000255988800009 0015-752X10.1093/forestry/cpn017Perez,Liliana;Dragicevic,SuzanajForestSimMPB: A swarming intelligence and agent-based modeling approach for mountain pine beetle outbreaksEcological Informaticsinformatics;trees;swarming;algorithms;communication;forests;forest;insects;mountain pine beetle;MPB;pine beetle;spatial distribution;swarms;wildlife;intelligence;data processing;landscape;entomology;simulation;outbreaks;pest outbreaks;infestation;aggregation behaviour;communications;ecosystem;ecology;environment;geographic information systems;GIS;lodgepole pine;pine;pine trees;swarm intelligence;agent-based model;model;forestry;population;ForestSimMPB;spatial pattern;Cariboo Regional District;prevention;controlThe widespread outbreaks of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) are responsible for infestations of lodgepole pine forests since 1990 in Canada. In British Columbia, this forest insect disturbance has resulted in losses of more than 13 million hectares of pine trees. The complexity of the MPB emergence, aggregation and attack behaviour is captured by this study, using an intelligent agent-based model (ABM) of beetle outbreaks at a local scale of individual trees. Agent-based approach permits simulation of interactions that describe the ecological context in which insect populations spread. Intelligent < reasoning is introduced by a swarm intelligence (SI) algorithm integrated with the ABM that depicts indirect communication, collective behaviour and self-organized aggregation of insects in a forest ecosystem. The objectives of this study are the following: 1) to develop ForestSimMPB model that integrates SI and ABM within a geographic information systems (GIS) framework; 2) to implement the proposed model on real datasets to simulate the MPB aggregation and mass attacks on lodgepole pine trees; and 3) to determine the spatial patterns and extents of these attacks. The ForestSimMPB is calibrated by fine tuning two model parameters, and implemented using data from three sites located in the Cariboo Regional District in the central interior of BC. The obtained results demonstrate the aggregation behaviour of MPB to collectively attack lodgepole pines, as well as portray the spatial clustering of dead trees resulting from infestation. Simulation outputs provide analysis and predictions of spatial patterns in the forest landscape structure as a result of a MPB outbreak. The developed model can be used to assist the improvement of methods for prevention and control of MPB disturbances.½Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: c8112573-a410-4676-a6aacsaobj201; AccNum: 14973623; DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.09.003; ISSN: 1574-9541 Elsevier BV Perez,Liliana1574-9541, 1574-9541874189694; 14973623<http://search.proquest.com/docview/874189694?accountid=14601.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.09.003/Petticrew,Ellen L.;Droppo,Ian G.;Kronvang,Brian(Interactions between sediments and water Hydrobiologia%water;marine sediments;ocean bottom;sedimentation;deposition;submaine geology;aquatic biology;aquatic sciences;biology;interactions;sediments;environmental influence;chemical transfers;storage;aquatic ecosystems;pollution;pollutant;environmental impact;physical catchment;disturbances;sediment3Examines the interactions between sediments and water. Recognition of the environmental influence of both sediment and sediment-associated chemical transfers and storage on aquatic ecosystems; Function of sediments as a pollutant in natural habitats; Environmental impact of physical catchment disturbances.%Springer Science & Business Media B.V`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=14973627&site=ehost-live&scope=site,Petticrew,Ellen L.;Rex,John F.;Albers,Sam J.‚Bidirectional delivery of organic matter between freshwater and marine systems: the role of flocculation in Pacific salmon streams3Journal of the North American Benthological SocietyJ.N.Am.Benthol.Soc.Ìorganic compounds;salmon;freshwater fishes;flocculation;sediment transport;biofilms;ecosystem linkages;marine derived nutrients;organic matter;freshwater;marine;freshwater marine exchanges;pacific salmon streams;pacific salmon;anadromous species;anadromous;MDN;bidirectional transfers;interior watersheds;fish-floc feedback loop;salmon organic matter;gravel-bed matrix;floc;flocs;fish;fishes;fish-based floc;fish-based flocs;salmon disturbance regime;watershed©The literature regarding freshwater and marine exchanges of organic matter (OM) focuses predominantly on the unidirectional delivery of allochthonous and autochthonous material from freshwater to the marine environment. Another ecologically significant exchange occurs when anadromous organisms move into coastal and interior watersheds and bring marine-accrued OM and its incorporated marine-derived nutrients (MDN). We use the example of Pacific salmon streams to discuss bidirectional transfers of OM in the upstream and downstream directions with specific reference to the role of flocculation. A fish-floc feedback loop has recently been presented as a mechanism that allows transfer of salmon OM to the gravel-bed matrix in the form of flocs. In the proposed fish-floc feedback loop, the OM source is salmon, but the OM source will change with fish species. Once fish-based flocs enter the gravel bed they can be stored or used by benthic organisms. A salmon disturbance regime that includes redistribution of gravel, fine sediment, and biofilm during redd construction and release of salmon OM to the stream is integral to the fish-floc feedback loop because it provides the inorganic fine sediment and OM required for floc formation. The MDN subsidy provided by returning salmon is important for natal watershed functioning as illustrated by a conceptual OM feedback loop that links these freshwater and marine exchanges. Retention of floc-bound OM in the gravel bed afforded by settling flocs allows slower downstream transfer of nutrients en route to the ocean and a correspondingly increased period for uptake in food webs downstream. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Journal of the North American Benthological Society is the property of Society for Freshwater Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)jhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=62545132&login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1899/10-133.1:Rankin,Anna;Van Aert,Michael;Welander,Thomas;Malmqvist,AsaLLow sludge yield biofilm activated sludge (BAS) upgrade - Quesnel River Pulp Tappi JournalTappi J. Quesnel River Pulp Co;Quesnel River Pulp;QRP;low sludge;biofilm activated sludge;BAS;treatment system;pulp;pulp and paper;bleached chemithermomechanical;BCTMP;pulp mill;Quesnel;AnoxKaldnes;anaerobic;activated sludge treatment;AST;effluent;sludge yields;sludge yieldÐQuesnel River Pulp (QRP) began operating a low sludge yield biofilm activated sludge (BAS) treatment system at its bleached chemithermomechanical (BCTMP) pulp mill at Quesnel, British Columbia, in March 2005. AnoxKaldnes provided the technology. QRP upgraded the anaerobic/activated sludge treatment (AST) system to allow for both increased production rates, as well as production of higher load grades of pulp. The system increased treatment capacity from 110 tons soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)/day to 140 tons SCOD/day with expansion capacity to 170 tons SCOD/day. In addition, the anaerobic system capable of removing 20 tons SCOD/day could be decommissioned since it had a low tolerance for peroxide and sulfur, and high maintenance and operating costs. Results of the upgrade included: 1) meeting all permit limits and effluent is nontoxic to trout under standard test conditions, 2) 80%-85% SCOD removal, 3) stable and reliable operation, 4) sludge yields between 0.12-0.17 net kg total suspended solids (TSS)/kg SCOD removed (compared to previous yields of 0.23 net kgTSS/kg SCOD removed), and 5) similar to 25% decrease in total effluent treatment costs per ton of pulp, despite a 30% increase in power requirements.%PT: J; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000248785900003 0734-1415Rex,John F.;Petticrew,Ellen L.aSalmon-derived nitrogen delivery and storage within a gravel bed: Sediment and water interactionsEcological Engineering Ecol.Eng.Õpacific salmon;river sediments;nitrogen;flocculation;spawning;river channels;water chemistry;organic compound content;post-spawning salmon;salmon carcasses;organic matter,marine-derived nutrients;MDN;pacific salmon streams;delivery;retention;floc;flocs;storage;nitrogen storage;sediment-associated nitrogen;delivery mechanism;ecological productivity;salmon;nutrient delivery;salmon enhancement;MDN delivery;streambed;gravel bed;sediment;sediments;productivity;nutrientsrAbstract: Post-spawning salmon carcasses are broadly recognized as a source of organic matter- and marine-derived nutrients (MDN) in Pacific salmon streams, but MDN delivery and retention processes are not well understood. Recent studies emphasize the interaction of inorganic particulate matter and salmon organic matter, through flocculation, as a deliver< y mechanism for MDN to the streambed. This study builds upon previous flocculation studies to look at nitrogen delivery and storage within the gravel bed of a re-circulating flume. Findings indicate that nitrogen storage in surface and interstitial water is lower than sediment-associated nitrogen. Flocculation of salmon organic matter and inorganic sediment is presented as a delivery mechanism in spawning and post-spawning periods that helps to maintain ecological productivity within Pacific salmon streams. Based on these findings it is recommended that salmon enhancement activities should include leaving post-spawn carcasses in-stream and that fertilization programs should consider flocculation processes to increase nutrient delivery to the streambed. Copyright &y& Elsevier]; Copyright of Ecological Engineering is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=52578046&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.02.001Rogers,IH;Servizi,JA;Levings,CDœBioconcentration of chlorophenols by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) overwintering in the upper Fraser River: Field and laboratory tests8Water pollution research journal of Canada.Burlington ONºphysiology, biochemistry, biophysics;chemical pollution;pollution;aquaculture;biological sciences;living resources;pulp wastes;chlorine compounds;fish culture;sewage;freshwater pollution;effects on organisms;freshwater;Fraser River;Oncorhynchus tshawytscha;temperature;bioaccumulation;chemical pollutants;phenols;aromatic compounds;pollution effects;bioindicators;fingerlings;water temperature;juvenile;Prince George;Quesnel;sewage discharge;pulp mill discarge;pulp;wastewater;chlorophenol;chlorophenol uptake;fish;salmon;chinook;chinook salmon;trichloroguaiacol;tetrachloroguaiacol;Agassiz;chlorophenols;chloroguaiacols;bioconcentrate;bioconcentration;persistent organic pollutants;POPs;persistentSJuvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) were sampled from Aug 1986 to Mar 1987 at stations near Prince George and Quesnel, influenced by sewage and pulp mill discharges. Chlorophenol uptake in feral fish was low. However, 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol levels to 304 ng/g and tetrachloroguaiacol values to 136 ng/g were measured in Mar. Fish from Agassiz, 518 km downstream of Quesnel, also contained these two substances. Thus chinook salmon can bioconcentrate persistent chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols directly from cold water (< 1 degree C). The biological consequences are uncertain.†Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0005162548; AccNum: 1874039; ISSN: 0197-9104 Rogers,I. H.0197-9104, 0197-910415076579; 1874039;http://search.proquest.com/docview/15076579?accountid=14601ReportRood,K. M.;Hamilton,R. E.cHydrology and water use for salmon streams in the Quesnel Habitat Management Area, British Columbia†Canadian manuscript report of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. 1995.Cottonwood River;water use;hydrology;environment management;biological production;watersheds;resource conservation;rivers;freshwater;Fraser River;lake dynamics;river dynamics;Quesnel River;Naver River;aquatic pollution;environmental quality;non-living resources;conservation;wildlife management;recreation;erosion control;stream flow;Salmonidae;Fraser River Action Plan;FRAP;salmon;salmon production;streams;Quesnel Habitat Management Area;HMA;land use;salmon habitat;salmon habitat quality;habitat sensitivity;water management;impactsThe Fraser River Action Plan (FRAP) is developing plans for environmentally sustainable salmon production in streams of the Fraser River watershed. This report focuses on the Quesnel Habitat Management Area (HMA). The HMA includes the Cottonwood, Naver, and Quesnel river watersheds on the east side of the Fraser River, near the town of Quesnel. Hydrology and water use in twenty-eight salmon streams are discussed. The report contains hydrology and land use information that will be useful in reviewing salmon habitat quality and assessing habitat sensitivity. This report recommends improving stream flow measurements, monitoring and controlling water use, and developing water management plans for the most sensitive streams. It also recommends more detailed reviews of forest harvesting history in affected watersheds, further studies of the effects of forest regrowth on hydrologic regimes, and reorganization of five-year harvesting plans by watershed. These measures will allow more accurate prediction of the impacts of harvesting on hydrology.}Source type: reports; Object type: Report; CSAUnique: MD-0003850472; AccNum: 3925188; InputCenter: CA9600225; ISSN: 0706-6473 Rood,K. M.15601072; 3925188;http://search.proquest.com/docview/15601072?accountid=14601S Bruce Archibald€New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)1oearth sciences;Washington;Dinopanorpidae;Mecoptera;Eocene;Okanagan Highlands;family;Dinopanorpa;Paleogene;wingsšSix new species of the extinct family Dinopanorpidae (Mecoptera) are described in the new genus Dinokanaga gen. nov. from five Early (and early Middle?) Eocene Okanagan Highlands localities in British Columbia and Washington State. These are Dinokanaga hillsi sp. nov., D. wilsoni sp. nov., D. dowsonae sp. nov., D. andersoni sp. nov., D. sternbergi sp. nov., and D. webbi sp. nov. The family Dinopanorpidae is previously known only from a hind wing of Dinopanorpa megarche Cockerell, and an undescribed species of Dinopanorpa, both from the Paleogene of Primorye (Maritime Province) in Pacific coastal far-eastern Russia. The family includes mostly large species, with forewings up to 43 mm in length. Dinopanorpidae is particularly distinguished by a long R^sub 1^ vein in both the fore- and hind wings, extending almost to the wing apex and bending posteriad distally. Their wings are mostly dark with light bands and spots; have many to extremely dense crossveins; and an expanded costal space in the basal quarter of the forewing, which is more developed in larger species. The rostrum is extended; the medigynium is without tongue-shaped structures. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; Copyright: Copyright National Research Council of Canada Feb 2005; DOCID: 832086481; PCID: 15287581; PMID: 36140; CODEN: CJESAP; ProvJournalCode: CJES; PublisherXID: INODCJES0001773990<http://search.proquest.com/docview/218894985?accountid=14601SALMONS,RJ;JOHNSON,VE2ON-SITE BIOASSAY TESTING AT CARIBOO PULP AND PAPERNPULP AND PAPER CANADA, VOL.77, NO.5, P 85-86 (T90-91), MAY, 1976.1 FIG, 2 REF.ëwater resources:pollutants;effects of pollution;pollution;bioassays;rainbow trout;Cariboo Pulp and Paper Co;pulp and paper;fish stock;effluent;effluent monitoring;effluent toxicity;mill;environmental impacts;environmental impact;impactáON-SITE BIOASSAYS WITH RAINBOW TROUT CARRIED OUT BY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AT CARIBOO PULP AND PAPER CO. (BRITISH COLUMBIA) HAVE PRODUCED RELIABLE AND REPRODUCIBLE RESULTS WITHOUT THE USE OF EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT. ONLY A FEW MAN-HRS/WEEK ARE NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN EQUIPMENT (E.G., GLASS-FIBER HOLDING TANKS) AND KEEP A HEALTHY FISH STOCK. THE PROGRAM HAS PROVEN INVALUABLE BOTH AS AN EFFLUENT TOXICITY MONITOR AND AS A MEANS OF DETERMINING PROBLEM AREAS IN THE MILL PROCESS. (SYKES-IPC)uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001761382; AccNum: 7611394 Salmons,R. J.19173690; 7611394;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19173690?accountid=14601&Seely,Brad;Welham,Clive;B< lanco,Juan A.­Towards the application of soil organic matter as an indicator of forest ecosystem productivity: Deriving thresholds, developing monitoring systems, and evaluating practicesEcological Indicators Ecol.Ind.indicators;humus;forest ecology;biotic communities;soils;carbon content;forest management;biomass;forest productivity;soil organic matter;SOM;soil;soil organic carbon;SOC;forestry;soil carbon;forest growth;forest growth model;ecosystem productivity;ecosystem;lodgepole pine;pinus contorta;lodgepole pine forest;sustainable forest management;SFM;modelling analysis;rotation;statisticsÉ Abstract: Soil organic matter (SOM), typically measured as soil organic carbon (SOC), has been widely recognized as a critical linkage between forest management and long-term site productivity. However, its use as an indicator of sustainable forest management practices has been limited both by difficulties in detecting changes in soil carbon due to inherent high variability and by challenges associated with determining appropriate thresholds for loss. In this study we evaluate a methodology for using field measures of total SOC (forest floor to 60cm depth in mineral soil) in conjunction with a mechanistic forest growth model to derive threshold values for total SOC with respect to the maintenance of ecosystem productivity for a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest in the central interior region of British Columbia. We also examine the practicality of implementing a sustainable forest management (SFM) monitoring program around this measure and the potential long-term impact of alternative management scenarios on the indicator. Total SOC contents for the different site types sampled in the Quesnel region ranged from 35 to 57thaâÆ 1. Long-term simulations of biomass extraction over several rotations showed a near 1:1 ratio in the relative decline of ecosystem productivity associated with relative declines in total SOC. A power analysis revealed that a mean sampling intensity of n =12⬠ 25 and n =8⬠ 17 would be required to detect 20% and 30% losses of total SOC, respectively, depending on the level of statistical power desired. The sampling intensity required for an effective monitoring program was significantly reduced by summing SOC for all soil layers to limit sampling error related to determination of layer boundaries. A modelling analysis of the effect of rotation length on SOC for the Quesnel forest types, suggests that rotation lengths shorter than 75 years should be avoided to prevent declines in ecosystem productivity. Our results confirm that the combination of modelling and statistical techniques can be successfully used to develop cost-efficient monitoring plans of sustainability of forest management, with SOC as a valid indicator of ecosystem productivity. Copyright &y& Elsevier]; Copyright of Ecological Indicators is the property of Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)1470160X`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=49853296&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.02.008Seip,DRFactors limiting woodland caribou populations and their interrelationships with wolves and moose in southeastern British Columbia8Canadian Journal of Zoology/Revue Canadienne de Zoologie;Alces alces;predator-prey interactions;ecology;mammals;Rangifer tarandus caribou;Canis lupus;population dynamics;limiting factors;moose;wolf;wolves;caribou;radio-collared;radio collar;habitat;primary prey;high-elevation habitats;Quesnel Lake;Wells Gray Park;migration behaviour;spatial separation;wildlife;predation‚Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou ), wolves (Canis lupus ), and moose (Alces alces ) were radio-collared and monitored in two areas of southeastern British Columbia to determine predator-prey interactions. Throughout the year, wolves and moose used similar areas and habitats, and moose were the primary prey of wolves. In winter most caribou used high-elevation habitats and were spatially separated from wolves and moose living in valley bottoms. In summer, caribou, wolves, and moose at Quesnel Lake used similar areas and habitats, whereas in Wells Gray Park most caribou migrated to rugged, mountainous areas, which kept them spatially separated from wolves and moose. The Quesnel Lake caribou population had a high adult mortality rate (29%/year), wolf predation being the major cause. The Quesnel Lake caribou population was found to be declining by about 25%/year, and wolf predation appeared to be the major limiting factor. The Wells Gray caribou population was found to be slowly increasing, apparently because its migratory behavior kept it separated from wolves and moose throughout the year, resulting in low wolf predation on the caribou.›Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004403824; AccNum: 2864858; ISSN: 0008-4301; Peer Reviewed: trueSeip0008-4301, 0008-430116371876; 2864858;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16371876?accountid=1460< 1Sentlinger,GI;Hook,SJ;Laval,B.cSub-pixel water temperature estimation from thermal-infrared imagery using vectorized lake featuresRemote Sensing of EnvironmentRemote Sens.Environ.ÜRegression techniques;Remote Sensing;ASTER;Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer;Sensors;Water Temperature;Remote sensing of environment;Sustainable Development;Algorithms;Quesnel Lake;spatial discrimination;Maps;Freshwater;Water temperatures;Emissivity;Radiance;Lakes;Pollution;Sustainability;Ecology;Water Resources;non-living resources;Meteorological;MODIS;Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer;Abiotic factors;Temperature effects;Testing Procedures;Satellite Technology;Pollution detection;Mathematical models;Skin;Hydrologic analysis;Data acquisition;freshwater pollution;Temperature;Satellites;Satellite data;Methods;water skin temperature;water skin;thermal infrared satellite data;thermal imageryWater skin temperature derived from thermal infrared satellite data are used in a wide variety of studies. Many of these studies would benefit from frequent, high spatial resolution (100 m pixels) thermal imagery but currently, at any given location, such data are only available every few weeks from spaceborne sensors such as ASTER. Lower spatial resolution (1 km pixels) thermal imagery is available multiple times per day at any given location, from several sensors such as MODIS on board both the AQUA and TERRA satellite platforms. In order to fully exploit lower spatial resolution imagery, a sub-pixel unmixing technique has been developed and tested at Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, Canada. This approach produces accurate, frequent high spatial resolution water skin temperature maps by exploiting a priori knowledge of water boundaries derived from vectorized water features. The pixel water-fraction maps are then input to a gradient descent algorithm to solve the mixed pixel ground leaving radiance equation for sub-pixel water temperature. Ground-leaving radiance is estimated from standard temperature and emissivity data products for pure pixels and a simple regression technique to estimate atmospheric effects. In this test case, MODIS 1 km thermal imagery was used along with 1:50,000 water features to create a high-resolution (100 m) water skin temperature map. This map is compared to a concurrent ASTER temperature image and found to be within 1 super(o)C of the ASTER skin temperature 99% of the time. This is a considerable improvement over the 2.55 super(o)C difference between the original MODIS product and ASTER image due to land temperature contamination. The algorithm is simple, effective, and unlocks a largely untapped resource for limnological and hydrological studies.ÓSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0008216999; AccNum: 8286995; InputCenter: CS0854028; DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.019; ISSN: 0034-4257; Peer Reviewed: trueOElsevier Science, Box 882 New York NY 10159 USA, [mailto:usinfo-f@elsevier.com] Sentlinger,GI0034-4257, 0034-425721030646; 8286995;http://search.proquest.com/docview/21030646?accountid=14601+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.019MShrimpton,JM;Patterson,DA;Richards,JG;Cooke,SJ;Schulte,PM;Hinch,SG;Farrell,AP~Ionoregulatory changes in different populations of maturing sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka during ocean and river migrationJournal of Experimental Biology J.Exp.Biol.ephysiology;biochemistry;biophysics;marine;living resources;brackish;freshwater;sockeye salmon;migrations;rhythms;biology;sockeye;salmon;Oncorhynchus nerka;ionoregulatory;maturing;migration;adult;Fraser River;Queen Charlotte Islands;spawning;seawater;gills;gill;Na;K;Na super(+);K super(+);ATPase;plasma osmolality;chloride;sodium;potassium;mRNA;isoform;fish$We present the first data on changes in ionoregulatory physiology of maturing, migratory adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Fraser River sockeye were intercepted in the ocean as far away as the Queen Charlotte Islands ( similar to 850 km from the Fraser River) and during freshwater migration to the spawning grounds; for some populations this was a distance of over 700 km. Sockeye migrating in seawater toward the mouth of the Fraser River and upriver to spawning grounds showed a decline in gill Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase activity. As a result, gill Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase activity of fish arriving at the spawning grounds was significantly lower than values obtained from fish captured before entry into freshwater. Plasma osmolality and chloride levels also showed significant decreases from seawater values during the freshwater migration to spawning areas. Movement from seawater to freshwater increased mRNA expression of a freshwater-specific Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase isoform ( alpha 1a) while having no effect on the seawater-specific isoform ( alpha 1b). In addition, gill Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase activity generally increased in active spawners compared with unspawned fish on the spawning grounds and this was associated with a marked increase in Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase alpha 1b mRNA. Increases in gill Na super(+),K super(+)-ATPase activities observed in spawners suggests that the fish may be attempting to compensate for the osmotic perturbation associated with the decline in plasma chloride concentration and osmolality.ËSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: OB-MD-0000438594; AccNum: 6504115; InputCenter: CS0527161; ISSN: 0022-0949; ElecISSN: 1477-9145; Peer Reviewed: trueCompany of BiologistsUnited KingdomShrimpton,J. M. 0022-0949289353205; 6504115<http://search.proquest.com/docview/289353205?accountid=14601SMITH,AG#PEAK FLOWS BY THE SLOPE-AREA METHODUTECHNICAL BULLETIN NO.79, 31 P, 1974, INLAND WATERS DIRECTORATE.13 FIG, 8 REF, 5 TAB.òData acquisition;Water Resources;Streamflow;runoff;Control of water on the surface;water;stream discharge;stream discharges;discharge;discharges;flood;floods;flooding;indirect methods;methods;method;hydrology;slope;area;slope-area;slope-area method;peak discharge;hydraulic;hydraulic equations;water-surface profile;water-surface;water surface;water surface profile;geometry;channel geometry;geometry of channel;field survey;channel;characteristics;channel characteristics;measurements;measurement;measure;coefficient of roughness;roughness;channel conveyance;conveyance;flood discharge;computing;compute;calculate;calculation;calculations;Quesnel River;Station 08KH006;08KH006;peak flow;peak flows;field procedures;office procedures;procedure;proceduresSTREAM DISCHARGES ARE USUALLY MEASURED BY THE CURRENT METER METHOD. DURING FLOODS, HOWEVER, IT IS FREQUENTLY IMPOSSIBLE OR IMPRACTICAL TO MEASURE DISCHARGES BY THIS MEANS. MANY PEAK DISCHARGES MUST BE DETERMINED AFTER THE PASSAGE OF THE FLOOD BY INDIRECT METHODS, SUCH AS THE SLOPE-AREA METHOD. THE INDIRECT METHOD OF DETERMINING PEAK DISCHARGE IS BASED ON HYDRAULIC EQUATIONS, WHICH RELATE THE DISCHARGE TO THE WATER-SURFACE PROFILE AND THE GEOMETRY OF THE CHANNEL. A FIELD SURVEY IS MADE TO DETERMINE THE WATER SURFACE PROFILE AND THE CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS FOR A SERIES OF DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS OVER A SUITABLE RANGE OF STAGE. VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ROUGHNESS AND THE CHANNEL CONVEYANCE ARE CALCULATED AS A BASIS FOR COMPUTING THE FLOOD DISCHARGE. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERAL PROCEDURES USED IN COLLECTING FIELD DATA AND IN COMPUTING DISCHARGE ARE GIVEN. THE STUDY FOR THE QUESNEL RIVER, STATION 08KH006, IS USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE FIELD AND OFFICE PROCEDURES USED IN CALCULATING PEAK FLOWS. (ENVIRONMENT CANADA)uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001744636; AccNum: 7506745 Smith,A. G.19106277; 7506745;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19106277?accountid=14601Smith,Tyler B.;Owens,Philip N.uImpact of land use activities on fine sediment-associated contaminants, Quesnel River Basin, British Columbia, Canada'Sediment Dynamics for a Changing Future±sediment quality;land use;land uses;mining;contaminants;contaminant;contamination;metals;aquatic ecosystems;cohesive sediment;env< ironmental impact;impact;impacts;land use activities;forestry;finegrained sediment;sediments;sediment;fine grained sediment;Quesnel River Basin;fine-grained sediment;time-integrated isokinetic samplers;isokinetic samplers;disturbance;Quesnel River;main stem;nutrients;nutrient concentrations;metal concentrations;As;Cu;Zn;Sediment Quality Guidelines;Sediment Quality Guideline thresholds;SQG;Se;contaminated environment;contaminated environments;phosphorus;arsenic;copper;selenium;zinc;sediment associated metals;sediment associated nutrients;forest harvestingÁThe impact of various land use activities (forestry, mining, and agriculture) on the quality of finegrained sediment (<63 µm) was investigated in the Quesnel River Basin (approx. 12 000 km2) in British  Columbia, Canada. Samples of fine-grained sediment were collected monthly during the snow-free season in 2008 using time-integrated isokinetic samplers at sites representative of forestry, mining, and agricultural activities in the basin. Samples were also collected from replicate control sites that had undergone limited or no disturbance in recent years, and also from the main stem of the Quesnel River. Generally, metal and nutrient concentrations for ⬠Simpacted⬠ sites were greater than for control sites. Concentrations of As (mining sites), Cu (forestry sites) and Zn (forestry sites) were close to or exceeded upper Sediment Quality Guideline (SQG) thresholds, while Se concentrations for mining sites were elevated and within the range cited for contaminated environments. Phosphorus values were generally <1000 μg g-1 for all land use activities and below available SQGs. Values for individual samples were, however, greater than upper SQG levels, such as 22.7 μg g-1 (As), 801 μg g-1 (Cu), 5.0 μg g-1 (Se) and 2192 μg g-1 (P). These preliminary results suggest that metal mining and forest harvesting are having a greater influence on the concentration of sedimentassociated metals and nutrients in the Quesnel basin, than agricultural activities.,PT: S; CT: International Symposium on Sediment Dynamics for a Changing Future; CY: JUN 14-18, 2010; CL: Warsaw Univ Life Sci, Warsaw, POLAND; SP: Hydroprojekt Sp; Minist Agr &Rural Dev; Geomor Technik Sp; AP Instruments; Reg Chamber Construct Engn; Polish Airlines LOT; TC: 0; UT: WOS:0003095059000045Banasik, K Horowitz, AJ Owens, PN Stone, M Walling,DEIAHS Publication0144-7815; 978-1-907161-10-0Stockner,J. G.;Shortreed,K. S.bAlgal Picoplankton Production and Contribution to Food-Webs in Oligotrophic British Columbia LakesSHydrobiologia HYDRB8 Vol.173, No.2, p 151-166, March 22, 1989.6 fig, 2 tab, 40 ref.©Fisheries engineering;Lakes;Water Resources;pelagic;pelagic communities;pelagic community;oligotrophic;oligotrophic lake;oligotrophic lakes;dimictic lake;Quesnel Lake;biotmass;zooplankton;planktivore;planktivores;planktivorous;sockeye salmon;salmon;sockeye;Onchorhynchus nerka;monomictic lake;monomicitc;dimictic;Sproat Lake;ultra-oligotrophic;algal picoplankton;picoplankton;algal;algae;food web;food webs;food-web;food-webs;carbon flow;carbon;phytoplankton;fish;limnology;productivity;primary productivity;ecology;ecosystem;ecosystems;pelagic food webs;nanoplankton;microphytoplankton;Daphnia;Diaptomus;recruitment;fry;non-steady state;cyclic dominance;quadrennial;system;systemsæThe pelagic communities of two contrasting oligotrophic lakes in British Columbia were studied to determine why an interior, dimictic lake (Quesnel) supports a greater biomass of zooplankton and produces larger planktivorous sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) than a coastal warm-monomictic lake (Sproat). The ultra-oligotrophic status and differing planktivore densities in Sproat Lake increased the relative importance of algal picoplankton, diminished the abundance of large zooplankton, and increased the significance of rotifers and other small-bodied zooplankton. These picoplankton based food webs result in longer, indirect and less efficient pathways of carbon flow from phytoplankton to fish. In contrast, Quesnel Lake is a more productive oligotrophic lake and its pelagic food webs are based more on nanoplankton and small microphytoplankton that support larger-bodied zooplankton (Daphnia, Diaptomus), and a more direct and efficient two-step transfer to fish. The greater variability of the annual recruitment of sockeye fry in interior lakes may keep zooplankton communities in a non-steady state; this in turn may perpetuate the occurrence of quadrennial cyclic dominance in adult salmon returning to these systems. (Author 's abstract)uSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0001865970; AccNum: 8912316Stockner,J. G.19067852; 8912316;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19067852?accountid=14601Sullivan,TP;Klenner,W.rInfluence of diversionary food on red squirrel populations and damage to crop trees in young lodgepole pine forestEcological Applications Ecol.Appl.¹Management;supplementation;forest management;Pinus contorta;Ecology;food sources;Tamiasciurus hudsonicus;diversionary food;sunflower seeds;red squirrel;squirrel;squirrels;feeding damage;feeding;lodgepole pine;stands;pine;Vernon;Quesnel;northwestern chipmunk;Eutamias amoenus;Columbian ground squirrel;Spermophilus columbianus;ground squirrel;ground squirrels;chipmunk;chipmunks;populations density;food;wildlife;forestry;forest;forests;seedsèThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale provision of diversionary food (sunflower seeds) would reduce red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) feeding damage to lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) crop trees. Study areas with managed lodgepole pine stands were located near Vernon and Quesnel in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Large-scale applications of sunflower seeds were conducted on a manual basis in 1989, and by manual and aerial means in 1990, and on an operational level by aerial means in 1991. Feeding damage to crop trees was assessed in control and treatment blocks. Populations of the red squirrel, northwestern chipmunk (Eutamias amoenus), and Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) were sampled intensively by livetrapping on control and treatment blocks in 1990. Manual application of seed (clumped distribution) significantly reduced damage in the treatment block (11.3% of trees damaged) compared with the control (57.5% of trees damaged). Aerial application of seed (uniform distribution) also significantly reduced damage in replicated treatment vs. control blocks. The population density of resident (transients excluded) red squirrels did not increase when diversionary food was added. Similarly, we could not detect differences in < reproduction, body masses, or survival of squirrels between control and food-supplemented areas. Northwestern chipmunks and Columbian ground squirrels also showed a temporary increase in density when food was added.›Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004182158; AccNum: 3516480; ISSN: 1051-0761; Peer Reviewed: trueSullivan,T. P.1051-0761, 1051-076116731196; 3516480;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16731196?accountid=14601?Thomas,M. D.;Pilkington,M.;Anderson,R. G.;Mareschal,Jean-ClaudeiGeological significance of high-resolution magnetic data in the Quesnel terrane, Central British Columbia}geology;magnetism;geological mapping;volcanic ash;tuff;granite;porphyry;Quesnel Lake;airborne sensors;magnetic;magnetic structures;Quesnel terrane;terrane rocks;Quaternary glacial sedimentary cover;mineral exploration;data;geological units;gravity data;magnetic data;granitic intrusion;Nicola Group;volcanic rocks;Nicola Group volcanic rocks;volcanic rock;granitic;vein type;mineralization;mineral;minerals;Tertiary volcanic cover;volcanic cover;sedimentary cover;magnetic patterns;Tertiary Chilcotin;Tertiary Kamloops;groups;composition;compositional;structure;structural;basement rock;basement rocks;basement unit;basement units;exploration;vertical derivatives;Naver pluton;roof pendant;Thuya batholith;batholith;annular marginal phases;granodioritic;grandioritic intrusions;intrusions;sedimentary;volcanic;Devonian-Triassic;Devonian;Triassic;terrain;Kamloops;internal composition variationThe ability of airborne sensors to image the magnetic signatures of prospective Quesnel terrane rocks through ubiquitous Quaternary glacial sedimentary cover in central British Columbia helps target new areas for mineral exploration. Newly acquired high-resolution data provide new perspectives on the nature and probable areal distribution of many geological units, revealing detail and information unattainable by conventional geological mapping. In combination with gravity data, these magnetic data indicate the presence of a granitic intrusion and a development of Nicola Group volcanic rocks, both potential hosts for porphyry- and (or) vein-type mineralization, under younger Tertiary volcanic cover. At a finer scale, magnetic patterns and fabrics permit discrimination between volcanic rocks of the Tertiary Chilcotin and Kamloops groups, and detection of subtle compositional and (or) structural variations within the groups. Contacts between volcanic cover and basement rocks and between basement units are more accurately defined, significantly reducing locally the areal extent of volcanic cover and opening up more ground for exploration. The high resolution of features in images of magnetic vertical derivatives reveals the Naver pluton to be more complex than currently mapped, comprising several integral elements, one of which may be a large roof pendant. Internal subdivisions of the Thuya batholith are defined, and annular marginal phases are proposed within two large granodioritic intrusions. Several new intrusions are proposed within the extensive, mainly sedimentary Devonian-Triassic terrain northeast of Kamloops, internal composition variation is suggested for some larger mapped intrusions, and areas underlain by some intrusions are enlarged. (English) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; La capacité des capteurs aéroportés à imager les signatures magnétiques de roches prometteuses du terrane de Quesnel à travers le couvert très étendu de sédiments glaciaires quaternaires dans le centre de la Colombie-Britannique aide àcibler de nouveaux secteurs pour l'exploration minérale. Des données àhaute résolution, nouvellement acquises, fournissent de nouvelles perspectives sur la nature et la distribution spatiale probable de plusieurs unités géologiques, révélant des détails et de l'information qui ne pourraient être obtenus par cartographie géologique conventionnelle. Jumelées aux données gravimétriques, ces données magnétiques indiquent la présence d'une intrusion granitique et un développement de roches volcaniques du Groupe de Nicola, deux roches encaissantes potentielles pour une minéralisation de type porphyrique et (ou) filonienne, sous la couverture volcanique tertiaire plus jeune. ì une échelle plus fine, les patrons et les fabriques magnétiques permettent de distinguer les roches volcaniques des groupes de Chilcotin et de Kamloops (Tertiaire) et de détecter les variations subtiles de composition et (ou) de structure àl'intérieur des groupes. Les contacts entre la couverture volcanique et les roches du socle et entre les unités du socle sont mieux définis, réduisant de manière importante l'étendue locale de la couverture volcanique et ouvrant plus de terrain à l'exploration. La haute résolution des caractéristiques dans les images de < dérivatives magnétiques verticales révèle que le pluton de Naver est plus complexe que ce qui est actuellement cartographié; il comprend plusieurs éléments solidaires, dont un pourrait être un large lambeau de toit. Des subdivisions internes du batholite de Thuya sont définies et des phases marginales annulaires sont proposées àl'intérieur de deux grandes intrusions de granodiorite. De nombreuses nouvelles intrusions sont proposées à l'intérieur du terrain sédimentaire, principalement Dévonien-Trias, au nord-est de Kamloops. Une variation de la composition interne est suggérée pour certaines des plus grandes intrusions cartographiées et des secteurs reposant sur quelques intrusions sont agrandis. (French) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)`http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=65537114&site=ehost-live&scope=site10.1139/e10-109 Tong,J.;Dery,S. J.;Jackson,P. L.Interrelationships between MODIS/Terra remotely sensed snow cover and the hydrometeorology of the Quesnel River Basin, British Columbia, Canada#Hydrology and Earth System Sciences¾River Basins;Correlation Coefficient;Snow cover depth;Climatic changes;Remote sensing;Correlations;Snow Cover;Aqualine;Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts;Water Resources;Watersheds;Freshwater;Canada, British Columbia, Quesnel R.;Climatic variability;Hydrology;Seasonal variability;Ablation;Snow;Streamflow;Stream flow;Clouds;Satellite data;Hydrometeorological research;Elevation;Runoff;MODIS;Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerÙA spatial filter (SF) method is adopted to reduce the cloud coverage from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day snow products (MOD10A2) between 2000-2007 in the Quesnel River Basin (QRB) of British Columbia, Canada. A threshold of k = 2 cm of snow depth measurements at four in-situ observation stations in the QRB are used to evaluate the accuracy of MODIS snow products MOD10A1, MOD10A2, and SF. Using the MOD10A2 and the SF, the relationships between snow ablation, snow cover extent (SCE), snow cover fraction (SCF), streamflow and climate variability are assessed. Based on our results we are able to draw several interesting conclusions. Firstly, the SF method reduces the average cloud coverage in the QRB from 15% for MOD10A2 to 9%. Secondly, the SF increases the overall accuracy (OA) based on the threshold k = 2 cm by about 2% compared to MOD10A2 and by about 10% compared to MOD10A1 at higher elevations. The OA for the four in-situ stations decreases with elevation with 93.1%, 87.9%, 84.0%, and 76.5% at 777 m, 1265 m, 1460 m, and 1670 m, respectively. Thirdly, an aggregated 1C rise in average air temperature during spring leads to a 10-day advance in reaching 50% SCF (SCF sub(50%)) in the QRB. The correlation coefficient between normalized SCE of the SF and normalized streamflow is − 0.84 (p<0.001) for snow ablation seasons. There is a 32-day time lag for snow ablation to impact the streamflow the strongest at the basin outlet. The linear correlation coefficient between SCF sub(50%) and 50% normalized accumulated runoff (R sub(50%)) attains 0.82 (p<0.01). This clearly demonstrates the strong links that exist between the SCF depletion and the hydrology of this sub-boreal, mountainous watershed.ÉSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0010478301; AccNum: 11012769; InputCenter: CS0955926; ISSN: 1027-5606; ElecISSN: 1607-7938; Peer Reviewed: trueJEuropean Geophysical Society, Max-Planck-Str. 13 Katlenburg-Lindau GermanyTong,J.1027-5606, 1027-560620834741; 11012769;http://search.proquest.com/docview/20834741?accountid=14601†Topographic control of snow distribution in an alpine watershed of western Canada inferred from spatially-filtered MODIS snow productsQspatial filter;SF;cloud coverage;Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer;MODIS;imaging;snow cover;maximum snow cover;daily snow cover;meteorology;climatology;snow cover fraction;SCF;snow cover duration;SCD;snow;hydrology;Quesnel River Basin;topography;topographic control;snow mapping;snowmelt;ablation rates;slope;aspect;elevation A spatial filter (SF) is used to reduce cloud coverage in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day maximum snow cover extent products (MOD10A2) from 2000-2007, which are obtained from MODIS daily snow cover extent products (MOD10A1), to assess the topographic control on snow cover fraction (SCF) and snow cover duration (SCD) in the Quesnel River Basin (QRB) of British Columbia, Canada. Results show that the SF reduces cloud coverage and improves by 2% the accuracy of snow mapping in the QRB. The new product developed using the SF method shows larger SCF and longer SCD than MOD10A2, with higher altitudes experiencing longer snow cover and perennial snow above 2500 m. The gradient of SCF with elevation (d(SCF)/dz) during the snowmelt season is 8% (100 m)(-1). The average ablation rates of SCF are similar for different 100m elevation bands at about 5.5% (8 days)(-1) for altitudes 1500m with decreasing values with elevation to near 0% (8 days)(-1) for altitudes > 2500 m. Different combinations of slopes and aspects also affect the SCF with a maximum difference of 20.9% at a given time. Correlation coefficients between SCD and elevation attain 0.96 (p<0.001). Mean gradients of SCD with elevation are 3.8, 4.3, and 11.6 days (100 m)(-1) for the snow onset season, snowmelt season, and entire year, respectively. The SF decreases the standard deviations of SCDs compared to MOD10A2 with a maximum difference near 0.6 day, 0.9 day, and 1.0 day for the snow onset season, snowmelt season, and entire year, respectively.&PT: J; TC: 15; UT: WOS:000264741100004 1027-5606:Tong,Jinjun;Dery,Stephen J.;Jackson,Peter L.;Derksen,Chris€Testing snow water equivalent retrieval algorithms for passive microwave remote sensing in an alpine watershed of western Canada"Canadian Journal of Remote SensingCan.J.Remote Sens.S74S86‰mountain snow pack;SSM/I data;climate;river;trends;depth;MODIS;remote sensing;brightness temperatures;temperature;temperatures;TB;special sensor microwave imager;advanced microwave scanning radiometer;AMSR-E;snow water equivalent;SWE;Quesnel River Basin;algorithm;algorithms;Environment Canada;Environment Canada algorithm;Environment Canada algorithms;spectral polarization difference;SPD;spectral polarization difference algorithm;artificial neural network;ANN;statistics;statistical metric;statistical metrics;performance;temporal variation;temporal variations;topography;vegetation;mountains;mountainous;spatial variation;spatial variations;snow$Brightness temperatures (TBs) from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR-E) from 2003 to 2007 are utilized to retrieve and evaluate the snow water equivalent (SWE) over the complex terrain of the Quesnel River Basin (QRB), British Columbia, Canada. Various algorithms including the Environment Canada (EC) algorithms, the spectral polarization difference (SPD) algorithm, and an artificial neural network (ANN) for both SSM/I and AMSR-E are evaluated against in situ SWE observations using several statistical metrics. The results show that the EC algorithms developed specifically for the southern prairies and boreal forest perform poorly across the complex topography and generally deep snow of the QRB. For other frequency combinations of SSM/I and AMSR-E measurements, significant relationships between TB difference and in situ SWE exist only when the snow accumulation is less than a threshold of 250 or 400 mm, which varies at the differe< nt in situ stations. Overall, AMSR-E provides better estimates of retrieved SWE than SSM/I. Compared to the algorithms based on TB difference, the ANNs for SSM/I and AMSR-E perform much better. The ANNs trained with all channels of AMSR-E have the best performance in fitting SWE and are able to resolve the temporal variations of SWE at all in situ stations. However, due to the complexity of the topography and vegetation in this mountainous watershed, the ANNs based only on limited in situ stations are not able to retrieve the spatial variations of SWE in this area.fPT: J; NR: 29; TC: 3; J9: CAN J REMOTE SENS; SU: 1; SI: SI; PG: 13; GA: 656WE; UT: WOS:000282371000007CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST=KANATA; 350 TERRY FOX DR, STE 104, KANATA, ON K2K 2W5, CANADA 1712-7971 Tribe,Selina^Eocene paleo-physiography and drainage directions, southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia 230 (2005)[Provenance;Landforms;Palaeo studies;Interior Plateau;Water Resources;Freshwater;Streams;Thompson River;Cenozoic;Lakes;Geomorphology;Fraser River Valley;Geochronometry;Shuswap Highlands;Palaeo-studies;Rivers;Bridges;Drainage;Palaeoenvironments;Structures;Sedimentary environments;River valleys;Bridge River;Dating;Elevation;Coastal Mountains;Okanagan Lake;Eocene physiography;physiography;drainage direction;53A;depositional;paleoenvironment;rocks;bedrock;geology;bedrock geology;relief;base level elevation;base level elevations;paleocurrents;anabraching valley system;valley;valleys;stream;steams;riverÉ A map of reconstructed Eocene physiography and drainage directions is presented for the southern Interior Plateau region, British Columbia south of 53A perpendicular . Eocene landforms are inferred from the distribution and depositional paleoenvironment of Eocene rocks and from crosscutting relationships between regional-scale geomorphology and bedrock geology of known age. Eocene drainage directions are inferred from physiography, relief, and base level elevations of the sub-Eocene unconformity and the documented distribution, provenance, and paleocurrents of early Cenozoic fluvial sediments. The Eocene landscape of the southern Interior Plateau resembled its modern counterpart, with highlands, plains, and deeply incised drainages, except regional drainage was to the north. An anabranching valley system trending west and northwest from Quesnel and Shuswap Highlands, across the Cariboo Plateau to the Fraser River valley, contained north-flowing streams from Eocene to early Quaternary time. Other valleys dating back at least to Middle Eocene time include the North Thompson valley south of Clearwater, Thompson valley from Kamloops to Spences Bridge, the valley containing Nicola Lake, Bridge River valley, and Okanagan Lake valley. During the early Cenozoic, highlands existed where the Coast Mountains are today. Southward drainage along the modern Fraser, Chilcotin, and Thompson River valleys was established after the Late Miocene.Original Abstract: Cet article presente une carte reconstituee de la geographie physique et des directions de drainage, a leocene, pour la region du plateau interieur de la Colombie-Britannique, au sud du 53 super(e) parallele Nord. Les formes de terrain a leocene sont deduites de la distribution et du paleoenvironnement de deposition des roches de leocene et a partir de relations de recoupement entre la geomorphologie a lechelle regionale et la geologie du socle, dage connu. Les directions de drainage a leocene sont deduites de la geographie physique, du relief et des elevations du niveau de base de la discordance sub-eocene ainsi que de documentations sur la distribution, la provenance et les paleocourants de sediments fluviaux au Cenozoique precoce. A leocene, le paysage du plateau interieur sud ressemble a sa contrepartie moderne avec des terres hautes, des plaines et un drainage tres encaisse, sauf que le drainage regional etait vers le nord. de leocene jusquau Quaternaire precoce, un systeme de vallees a bras de riviere anastomoses, a tendance ouest et nord- ouest a partir des terres hautes de Quesnel et de Shuswap, a travers le plateau de Cariboo, jusqua la vallee de la riviere Fraser, contenait des ruisseaux secoulant vers le nord. Dautres vallees remontant au moins jusqua lepoque de leocene moyen comprennent la vallee de la riviere Thompson Nord au sud de Clearwater, la vallee de la riviere Thompson de Kamloops a Spences Bridge, la vallee contenant le lac Nicola, la vallee de la riviere Bridge et la vallee du lac Okanagan. Au cours du Cenozoique precoce, des terres hautes existaient la oA1 se situe la chaine Cotiere actuelle. le drainage vers le sud le long des vallees des rivieres modernes Fraser, Chilcotin et Thompson a ete etabli apres le Miocene tardif.[Traduit par la Redaction]ÞSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0007626594; AccNum: 7831569; InputCenter: CS0825239; DOI: 10.1139/e04-062; ISSN: 0008-4077; ElecISSN: 1480-3313; Peer Reviewed: true21011790; 7831569;http://search.proquest.com/docview/21011790?accountid=14601!http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-062/Webb,T. M.;Daniel,C. J.;Korman,J.;Meisner,J. D.cDevelopment of a fish habitat sensitivity indexing scheme for application in the Fraser River basin†Canadian manuscript report of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. 1994.¡protective measures;control;habitat;river basins;river basin;data acquisition;watersheds;resource conservation;classification systems;conservation;classification system;Fraser River;Freshwater;aquatic pollution;environmental quality;fish;fish habitat;indexing;scheme;indexing scheme;planning;strategy;watershed classification;communication;communication tool;concern;mathematical formula;mathematical formulae;formula;formulae;precision;accuracy;uncertainty;subjectivity;missing data;data;habitat sensitivity;methodology;method;methods;Bessette Creek;Horsefly;Coldwater River;watershed;sub-index;sub-indices;aggregated indices;aggregated index;streams;stream;representationFA fish habitat sensitivity indexing scheme was developed to address strategic planning needs and act as a communications tool for classifying watersheds, where "index" is defined as a numerical value that indicates a relative level of concern for a particular issue. Various mathematical formulae were discussed for the indice aggregation process. Implications of the uncertainty of the precision, accuracy, subjectivity and amount of missing data are discussed. The habitat sensitivity methodology was applied to nine sub-watersheds in the Bessette Creek and Horsefly and Coldwater River watersheds to determine the most useful set of sub-indices and aggregated indices as applicable to the data available for streams in the Fraser River basin and the degree to which the method truly represents the current conditions in the test areas.}Source type: reports; Object type: Report; CSAUnique: MD-0004229314; AccNum: 3563777; InputCenter: CA9400324; ISSN: 0706-6473 Webb,T. M.16834083; 3563777;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16834083?accountid=14601Wilson,MVH;Barton,D. G.Seven centuries of taphonomic variation in Eocene freshwater fishes preserved in varves: Paleoenvironments and temporal averaging Paleobiology%Eocene;Paleoecology;Horsefly;lakes;palaeoenvironments;Ecology;Freshwater;Pisces;palaeoecology;lake deposits;varves;freshwater fish;taphonomy;Palaeontology;varve;temporal variation;seasonal;seasonal change;lake;morphology;indicator;indicators;floor;taphonomic condition;fish;fishes;skeleton;skeletons;bones;disarticulation;scavenger;scavengers;monomictic;Horsefly Lake;bottom of lake;bottom;lake floor;well-preserved;deposition;temporal averaging;fossil;fossils;taphonomic properties;sensitive indicator;paleoenvironment;paleoenvironmental conditions"Eocene lake beds of Horsefly, British Columbia, are preserved in varves, or discrete yearly layers representing seasonal changes in the lake. These varves allow study of temporal variation and rates of change in morphological and ecological characters on a very short time scale. One of the most sensitive indicators of the paleoe< nvironmental conditions on the floor of the lake may be the taphonomic condition of the fishes, which vary between perfectly articulated and completely disarticulated skeletons. Patterns of disarticulation correspond to those produced by scavengers. The taphonomy supports the hypothesis that the lake was warm monomictic, circulating in the winter, at which time scavengers could gain access to the bottom of the lake. Larger-scale environmental events (on the order of hundreds of years) are suggested by the fact that the proportion of well-preserved specimens reached two peaks within the seven centuries of deposition, one peak during the second century and another during the fifth and sixth centuries. These results clearly demonstrate two principles: that taphonomy can be a sensitive indicator of paleoenvironmental conditions, and that temporal averaging can affect the taphonomic properties of this fossil site, and presumably of others with equal or lower time resolution.³Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0003619411; AccNum: 4044411; InputCenter: CS9709882; ISSN: 0094-8373; Peer Reviewed: true Wilson,MVH0094-8373, 0094-837315917387; 4044411;http://search.proquest.com/docview/15917387?accountid=14601Winton,J.;Hilborn,R.BLessons from supplementation of chinook salmon in British Columbia.North American Journal of Fisheries ManagementN.Am.J.Fish.Manage.Šdepleted stocks;Stock assessment;management;Marine;Fish culture;stocking organism;Brackish;fishery management;Freshwater;Oncorhynchus tshawytscha;natural populations;hatcheries;Ecology;Aquaculture;fishery resources;fish;fishes;Salmonid Enhancement Program;SEP;supplementation strategy;supplementation strategies;natural popluation;anadromous;salmon;steelhead;Oncorhynchus mykiss;synopsis;strategies;results;Snootli Creek;Kitimat;Quesnel;Spius Creek;chinook salmon;chinook;success;program goals;harvest;preservation;enhancement;rehabilitation;spawning;rearing;release;natural stock survival;catch and escapement;operating cost;natural stocks;fisheriesïSupplementation, as used here, is the planting of all life stages of hatchery-reared fish to increase natural production. Through the Salmonid Enhancement Program (SEP), Canada has been experimenting with supplementation strategies at a number of British Columbian hatcheries for the past 15 years to enhance natural populations of anadromous salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. This report is a short synopsis of the strategies employed and results obtained by four British Columbian hatcheries, two coastal (Snootli Creek and Kitimat) and two interior (Quesnel and Spius Creek), in supplementing chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The original objective of the report was to ascertain the success of these efforts-as measured by attainment of the program goals of increased harvest and the enhancement, preservation, and rehabilitation of natural stocks in a cost-effective manner-and to summarize general lessons applicable to many or most other proposed or future supplementation programs. This objective could not be met because, although these four hatcheries have been experimenting with various spawning, rearing, and release strategies, they have never monitored natural stock survival or escapement-nor have any of the other Canadian supplementation hatcheries. Thus, although the hatcheries' direct operating costs to produce each hatchery-reared chinook salmon surviving to catch and escapement have been estimated (Can$380 at Quesnel, $47 at Snootli Creek, $85 at Spius Creek, and $45 at Kitimat), the effects of supplementation on the natural stocks, and hence the full costs or benefits of these hatcheries and of the program as a whole, are unknown. From the Canadian experience to date, therefore, it cannot be determined whether or not supplementation is an effective way to enhance natural stocks. Several lessons are to be learned from the SEP experience; these are applicable especially to fisheries managers who are in the process of launching new salmonid supplementation programs in their areas.³Source type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0004250905; AccNum: 3585407; InputCenter: CS9411365; ISSN: 0275-5947; Peer Reviewed: true Winton,J.0275-5947, 0275-594716887199; 3585407;http://search.proquest.com/docview/16887199?accountid=14601 Withler,R. E.¤Genetic-Variation in Carotenoid Pigment Deposition in the Red-Fleshed and White-Fleshed Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus-Tshawytscha) of Quesnel River, British-Columbia)Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytologycarotenoid pigments;pigment;muscle tissue;seapen-reared;chinook salmon;salmon;chinook;Oncorhynchus tshawytscha;Quesnel River;fish;fishes;fisheries;genetics;inheritance;biology;red;white;carotenoid;flesh;flesh colour;trait;genetic model;model;allele;alleles;heritability;Oncorhynchus%Inheritance of the ability to deposit coloured dietary carotenoid pigments in muscle tissue was examined in 16 seapen-reared families of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Quesnel River, British Columbia. The progeny red:white ratio varied significantly among families in two sample periods but not between sample periods for individual families. There was no difference between the sexes in proportions of red and white individuals. Total carotenoid extraction of muscle tissue samples from 152 progeny revealed that white individuals contained less carotenoid per gram of tissue (0.24⬠ ±⬠ 0.04⬠ μg) than did red ones (3.37⬠ ±⬠ 0.14⬠ μg). Estimates of the heritability of flesh colour, when treated as a threshold trait, were 0.93 (sire component) and 0.71 (dam component). A genetic model that invokes two genetic loci, each with two alleles, was proposed to explain the inheritance of flesh colour in Quesnel River chinook salmon. At each locus, one copy of a "red-determining" allele is required for coloured carotenoid pigments to be deposited in muscle tissue. The anomalous red:white ratios among the progeny of one male parent could not be accounted for by tetrasomy or pseudolinkage in conjunction with the proposed model.Key words: Oncorhynchus, salmon, carotenoids, heritability.&PT: J; TC: 15; UT: WOS:A1986D654700015 0008-4093!Wolfe,Alexander P.;Edlund,Mark B.ÁTaxonomy, phylogeny, and paleoecology of Eoseira wilsonii gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Eocene diatom (Bacillariophyceae: Aulacoseiraceae) from lake sediments at Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada 257 (2005) Age;Gigantism;Lake Sediments;Bacillariophyceae;Diatoms;Aulacoseira;Cenozoic;Lakes;Radiation;Hydraulic machinery;New genera;Filaments;Phylogeny;Palaeoecology;Evolution;Freshwater environments;Spines;Paleoecology;Genetics;Taxonomy;Valves;Sediments;Chronostratigraphy;Structure;Biostratigraphy;Deposition;Microbiology;Water Resources;Palaeonto<úlogy;Fossil diatoms;New species;centric diatom;new genus;freshwater sediments;Horsefly;Eoseira wilsonii;varved;varves;mantle areolae;freshwater;freshwater diatom;freshwater diatoms;life strategy;limnologyH A new centric diatom genus is described from laminated freshwater sediments of Middle Eocene age near Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada. This diatom, Eoseira wilsonii gen. et sp. nov., grew in filaments that constitute dense monospecific sub-horizons within the white couplets that represent summer deposition in the varved sequence. Although Eoseira clearly belongs within the Family Aulacoseiraceae, several features distinguish its valve structure from Aulacoseira. Gigantism of spines and the lack of geometric relationships between spine position and mantle areolae are the most conspicuous features of the genus. Eoseira is among the oldest freshwater diatoms known and one of relatively few extinct freshwater genera. In addition to serving as a potential biostratigraphic marker, Eoseira is a cornerstone to undertanding the evolutionary trajectory of the Aulacoseiraceae, likely the oldest family of freshwater diatoms. As such, it refines our understanding of early radiations from the marine realm in western North America. Furthermore, paleoecological inferences based on Eoseira life strategy pertain directly to limnological conditions during early Cenozoic hot-house conditions.Original Abstract: Un nouveau genre de diatomee centrique est decrit a partir de sediments lamines deau douce (datant de leocene moyen) a proximite de Horsefly, Colombie-Britannique, Canada. Cette diatomee, Eoseira wilsonii gen et sp. nov., croissait dans des filaments qui constituent des sous-horizons denses monospecifiques a linterieur des couplets blancs, lesquels representent la depot estival dans la sequence varvee. Bien que Eoseira appartienne clairement a la famille Aulacoseiraceae, plusieurs caracteristiques distinguent la structure de sa valve de celle dAulacoseira. le gigantisme des epines et le manque de relations geometriques entre la position des epines et des pores areolaires du manteau sont les caracteristiques les plus remarquables du genre. Eoseira est parmi les plus anciennes diatomees deau douce connues et lun des relativement peu nombreux genres deau douce disparus. En plus de servir comme indicateur biostratigraphique potentiel, Eoseira precise nos connaissance de comprendre la lignee des Aulacoseiraceae, probablement la plus ancienne famille de diatomees deau douce. En tant que tel, cela affine nos connaissances des premiers retraits du domaine marin dans louest de lAmerique du Nord. de plus, les inferences paleo-ecologiques basees sur la strategie de vie dEoseira referent directement aux conditions limnologiques durant les conditions de serre au Cenozoique interieur.[Traduit par la Redaction]ÞSource type: scholarlyjournals; Object type: Article; Object type: Feature; CSAUnique: MD-0007626596; AccNum: 7831571; InputCenter: CS0825241; DOI: 10.1139/e04-051; ISSN: 0008-4077; ElecISSN: 1480-3313; Peer Reviewed: trueWolfe,Alexander P.19527418; 7831571;http://search.proquest.com/docview/19527418?accountid=14601!http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-051Wu,H. X.;Ying,C. C.;Ju,H. B.‡Predicting site productivity and pest hazard in lodgepole pine using biogeoclimatic system and geographic variables in British ColumbiaAnnals of Forest Science Ann.For.Sci. JAN-FEB 20057lodgepole pine;pine;provenance test;provenance;productivity;predict;prediction;pest;pests;pest hazard;ecological classification;ecology;forest;forests;forestry;trees;tree;biogeoclimatic zones;biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification;BEC;western gall rust;terminal weevil;weevil;needle cast;geographic model;model2A series of 60 lodgepole pine provenance tests was planted throughout the interior of British Columbia in 1974 to predict productivity and pest hazard based on ecological classification and geographical variables. These 60 tests cover eight biogeoclimatic zones and 25 subzones within the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification (BEC) in British Columbia. Ten provenances are common among 60 provenances tested at each site. Mean height (20-year) was measured at 57 of the 60 sites, incidence of western gall rust assessed at 56 sites, terminal weevil at 49 sites, and needle cast at 50 sites. There is large site-to-site variation in all traits. Geographic models using latitude, longitude and elevation of test site location as predictors explained 47%, 35%, 33%, 27% and 8% of site variation for height, survival, incidence of needle cast, terminal weevil and western gall rust, respectively. BEC zones accounted for about the same amount of the site variation as geographic models, suggesting both accounted for the effect of site environments relating mainly to temperature and precipitation. Within BEC zones, site variation in height seems to be related to subzones associated with moisture gradient, but not temperature. Sites in the moist, mild ICH subzone and the dry, cool MS subzone along the southern Rocky Mt. Trench represent the best forest land for intensive silviculture of lodgepole pine, being highly productive with low pest hazard except needle cast. These sites are followed in productivity by sites across the vast interior stretching from the Skeena/Bulkley river basin in the northwest ( moist SBS subzone), to the interior wetbelt on Shuswap-Quesnel Highland ( moist, cool ICH subzone), and the Thompson Plateau in the southern interior, where lodgepole pine grew well with relatively low pest hazard at most sites.&PT: J; TC: 10; UT: WOS:000227543000005 1286-456010.1051/forest:2004089Xiao,G. P.;Chapman,B.2Cultivation of Hericium abietis on conifer sawdust8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De BotaniquegHericium abietis;Hericium;fungi;fungus;Basidiomycota;Quesnel Lake;conifer;sawdust;cultivation;sporocarp®Hericium abietis was isolated from a sporocarp collected near Quesnel Lake in the central interior of British Columbia and successfully cultivated indoors on conifer sawdust.%PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:A1997XV12300014 0008-4026ÿZˆ. /r/öï/sg0ëÔ3XC6Ç~>kIïëPKcaÖm6‘/ã—ü]¡v«!“¬¬‹³€µ µ¼ª VÆK.Ê#ÐÒ¡€ÜQ >åîà&ñÓ©ûV Á°sü— ©2 ¶1«TìÍ[ Þ]‡jÈjr‡­vÊ z½ Ç|ä ҁï+ŠHŒŒ©’‘‹¸œ± Ü«Õܵ±Àº• ܽ± €ÃUªÈ]ÒêÓ›ÞÄ kéð´’ø\úé ¨5}çcÍÔ >h&ÒN(¸É,3ò88Š:Ð |CÂêP 1ZS -eOl<«v©üyú†8–S- ßž¹ ¦ip®J$²ÚcÊtÑKÝÝ åÞw —ç)ëï}Lÿº mÛÙ Gªô85 BG?KfÈTËœeŸ m#Ôp׆we9ƒùØkž& é ¤^©cc––Bå››ŒŒ g2ÍÁ€ T¯ßßIe-  dü©ñÒMbP?_*+‚€%,Áƒ„&ffffffæ?'ffffffæ?(è?)è?¡",Bå333333Ó?333333Ó?;cœ&œ<3U} } $¥} ´} ¶|} $} ¶} ¶} } ’} Û } ¶ } ¶ÿ} ’} $3} ¶} I} ¶‚} mV} ’} $} $ } I } ¶j} Û1}  } ÛA} mT,,,,,,,,, , , , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ý ý ý ý ý ý ý ý ý ý  ý  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